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Reproductive behaviours - Coggle Diagram
Reproductive behaviours
Hormones
Males
Androgens
Male rat lacking androgen receptors develops female anatomy and behaviour
Female rats exposed to testosterone become masculinised
Females
Estrogen
Estradiol and other estrogens
Modify internal structures e.g. prostate gland
Females lacking do not develop normal sexual behaviour
Progesterone
Prepares uterus for implantation of ovum
Promotes pregnancy maintenance
Steroid hormones
Binds to membrane receptors- neurotransmitters
Enters cells, activates proteins in cytoplasm
Contain four carbon rings
Androgens/estrogen
Categories of chemicals
Binds to chromosomes
Activates/inactivates genes
Sex hormones exert activating effects
Modify behaviour/ influence hormone secretion
Activating effects of sex hormones
Temporarily activate response e.g. menstruation
Hormones at puberty induce structural changes
on non sexual characteristics
prenatal androgen/estrogen stimulate brain areas for memory
testosterone experiments
less accurate recognising anger
increase test
inability to infer moods
Oxytocin
Important for reproductive behaviour
Stimulates uterine contractions during delivery
Brain
Hypothalamus
Sexually dimorphism nucleus
Larger in males
Control make sexual behaviours
Cyclic pattern of hormone release in females
Testosterone converted with neurons to estradiol
Alpha-Fetoprotein
Binds to estradiol
Prevents entering developing cells
Found in blood in early periods
Amygdala and other areas
Produce anatomical and physiological differences
parental behaviour
prolactin
milk production/ eating enough
maternal behaviours
vasopressin
social behaviour
secreted by posterior pituitary gland
hormone synthesised by hypothalamus
facilitates olfactory recognition
correlation between testosterone and child interaction
Genes and sex differences
Genes on X Y chromosomes
Least 3 genes on Y chromosome active in specific brain areas
X chromosome active only in female brain
sexual arousal
females
menstrual cycle
periodic variation in hormones and fertility
28 days
hypothalamus pituitary gland
interaction with ovaries
FSH
FSH promotes growth of follicle in the ovary
follicle nurtures the ovum
produces estrogen
released by anterior pituitary
levels built up through middle of cycle
increases estradiol
LH
released by anterior pituitary
causes follicle to release an ovum
release progesterone
prepares uterus for implantation of ovum
inhibits more LH
periovulatory period
middle of cycle
women more sexually responsive
increased attention to sex related stimuli
pregnancy
estradiol and progesterone increase gradually
heightened activity in serotonin receptor
causes nausea
birth control pills
interferes with cycle between ovaries and pituitary
combination pill
estrogen and progesterone
prevents urge of FSH and LH
prevents egg from implanting uterus
more difficult for sperm to reach egg
thickens mucus of cervix
cannot release ovum
males
test triggers release of dopamine
MPOA
sex hormones bind to receptors
anterior hypothalamus
ventromedial nucleus
hypothalamus
testosterone increases touch sensitivity
test correlates with sexual arousal and desires
low testosterone in people in long term relationships
sexual offenders
test used to reduce and control
side effects of treatment
may not take medication
effects of neurotransmitters
serotonin
decreases sexual activity, blocks dopamine
dopamine stimulation
facilitates erections
high concentrations stimulate D2 leading to orgasm
D1 and D5 receptors associated with arousal
mating behaviour
evolutionary
darwin
individuals genes help them survival
genes passed through generation
sexual selection
genes increase probability of reproduction
mens interest in multiple mates
mate with many women
younger partners
longer fertility
loyal to one, devoting energies to child rearing
multiple mates in women
increase resources available to her and child
need good providers
gender identity
gender differences
thoughts about themselves not consistent with identity
intersexes
anatomies intermediate with female and male or mixture
women release two ova, fertilised by different sperm
atypical hormone pattern before birth
congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)
overdevelopment of adrenal glands
genetic defect
cortisol leads to overstimulation of adrenal
extra testosterone
become masculinised
showed interest in males and females in adolescence
more aggression
how we identify sexually
testicular feminisation
androgen insensitivity
lack receptor that enables to activate genes in a cell nucleus
gender assignment guidelines
rear cild consistently
do. not reduce clitoris//penis
be honest with family
sexual orientation
behavioural and anatomical differences
genetics
twin studies
not related to hormone levels
they play a role in biological development
prenatal stress
stress releases endorphins
antagonise effect of testosterone on hypothalamus
can alter sexual development
animal studies
large anterior commissure
homosexual men
difficult to explain why