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Remember where to use Perfect - Coggle Diagram
Remember where to use Perfect
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE
situations started in the past and are still continuing in the Present
for
+ period of time
since
+point in time
PresPerfect + since + new clause in the Past Simple
Present Continuous + for = express a present situation continuing into the Future, NOT a situation that began in the past
Use Present Perfect or Past Simple after
It's (weeks\years\ages) since...
to express a period of time when we haven't done smth
For completed actions in the past if they may happen again
With
superlatives, ordinal numbers + ever
News and Reports (or introduse a new topic of conversation) start with PRES PERFECT before moving into past tenses
In time clauses (begining with
after, when
) + PresPerf with future reference
Use PastPerfect or Past (NOT the Present Perfect) to correct an incorrect belief or expectation, or to confirm a correct one
ALREADY
-with the affirmative
YET
- with the negative and in questions
PAST PERFECT SIMPLE (PPS)
to describe a single action, or repeated actions, completed before a time in the past
PPS with
superlatives, ordinals, the only + ever
PP with with verbs:
hope, expect, want, plan, think about, wish
to describe past intentions which were unfulfilled
With
before
+
PPS
the action in the Past Simple happens first
DON'T use continuous form with state verbs
Use The Past Perfect or the Past Simple with time conjuctions (
*after, before, as soon as, when
)*
when
and
by the time
JUST
- to show that the earlier action was very resent
ALREADY
- to show that the action happened sooner that we expected
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS (PPC
)
to describe an ongoing situation or action which continued up to, or stopped just before a time in the past
before
or
by the time
Use
For
or
Since
to focuse on the duration of an action
DO NOT use PPC for actions or background situations still continuing at the same time as the past simple narrative. Use Past Continuous.
DO NOT mention the number of times
that we have done an action
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
ongoing situation or action which began in the past and is still continuing, or has just finished
DO NOT
use in the
passive
DO NOT mention the number
of times that we have done an action, we focuse on duration (USE PRES PERF SIMPLE)
can suggest a
temporary situation
Verbs:
live, work, study, teach
can be used in either the Simple or Continuous with little difference. PresPerfect Simple is more permanent
To explain a present result