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Changing spaces; making places - Coggle Diagram
Changing spaces; making places
What is place
Place
-- This is an area that has meaning to the people that are in the area. It can be as small as a building or park or as big as countries and super-national organisations.
There are 6 characterisitcs that help make up the identity of a place:
Physical geography
Demographics
Socio-economics
Culture -- religion, local traditions, local clubs
Political
Built enviroment
Space
-- This is an area that has no particular meaning to people. However one persons space, may be another persons place.
Space and place are individual things and this means that people's chateristics make up perception of space and place. There are 5/6 characteristics used to talk about place:
A
ge
Peoples of perception change as they get older. For example the perception of a park will change as you get older.
G
ender
In different societies, the roles men and women play are different and this is refelected in the types of places they can use.
R
eligion
Certian religious sights have meaning for members of that religion, but those sights are unlikely to have much meaning to anyone else.
S
exuality
Sexuality infleunces how people interact with cerian places, with the growth of LGBT zones and the Gay village in Manchester.
role
P
erformed
At each place we perform a role whether that is a job, being a student or using it for reacreation. A more positive role performance will make us think more positivly of the place.
E
thnicity (this can also be added on)
Emotional attachment
If we have a strong positive emotional reaction to place then we are likely to have a strong emotional attachement to the place and vice versa.
These emotions do not need to be entierly our own. As a soceity we have emptional reactions to places, many people have a strong emotional attachment to their country.
An example of a cultural emotional attachement to palce are the Kurds.
This is an ethnic group in the Middle East split between Iraq, Iran, Turkey and Syria with a population of around 30 million.
Many Kurds have a strong attachment to the region of Kurdistan partly driven by a histroy of abuse by the countries they are controlled by.
Globalisation and place
Globalisation
-- This is the process where society is becoming more interconected economiclly, socially, politically and cultuarlly.
Time space compression
-- This is where time and space are no longer the main barriers to communication, travel and the movement of ideas and goods.
Pros and Cons
Those that gain from time space compressiona and who buy into the global village see this as a benefit of becoming a more close knit species.
However many people have not felt the benefits and have instead seen globalisation as an attack on their culture and now feel disconnected from where they grew up in. The result of this can be seen in the Brexit vote.
Representation of place
Formal
This is infomation such as censuses that gives us factual infomation on an area. Other examples include: road maps and maps showing the distribution of ebola victems.
Informal
This is a more subjective way of representing place and instead relies on showing peoples emotions. Informal representation includes: films, TV and social media.
Economic change and its relation to social inequality
Social inequality
Differences in social factors exist in all soceities and these issues often raise moral issues concerning inequlity.
Spatial inequality
-- This is inequality from place to place.
When looking at inequality quality of life and stanard of living are frequently used.
Quality of life
-- This is th extent to which people's needs and desires are met. These are factors such as whether people have access to equal rights and access to services.
Stanard of living
-- This is the ability to access services and goods. These are factors such as food and water, clothes, housing and personal mobility.
Increases in income and wealth can lead to an improved stanard of living, but may reduce quality of life.
Air pollution, longer hours of work, longer commute, having to migrate away from home can all lead to lower quality of life.
Quality of life may be sacrificed for higher income.
Deprivation
-- This is where there is an extreme lack of access to services, resources and opportunities. It is more extreme then just poverty.
https://docs.google.com/drawings/d/12pUHCpUPxmTwf8NqCdq8L6doXHgSy65RH8u8Kgz-dls/edit
Deprivation in the UK is calculated though the Index of Multipule Deprivation, this uses 7 factors:
Income
Abosulte poverty is $1.25 a day (purchasing power parity) and below this level people can't afford to purchase the minimum amount of food and non food.
Reletive poverty in the UK is when someone earns under 60% of the median income. This means around 13 million people live in poverty and this includes 3.5 million children.
Employment
Whether a household contians someone that is in recepit of regually pay has a profound impact on somone's stanard of living and quality of life.
Health
There is a strong associonation between illhealth and social inequality, a common comparision is doctors per 1000 people and mortality rates.
In the UK there is growing focus on the 'postcode lottery' where healthcare access is spread unequally between parts of the UK.
Housing, diet, type of housing and air quality all play a role in affecting healthcare.
Education
Formal education -- provided by schools and Informal education -- provided in the home. Looking at informal education is very important in EDCs and LIDCs where education services are less robust.
Literacy rates also provide a good insight into inequality in education, this can also be between inequality in literacy rates.
Crime
Access to housing and services
Being able to afford hsouing to an adiquate stanard is closely linked to income. We can look at hosuing tenure (how long someone lives in a house) and how ownership as measures of inequality.
Living enviroment
Spacial pattrns of social inequality
Inequalities exsist on both a global and local scale, there are mutliple factors that work together to create spatial inequality.
Wealth
The abality to purchase goods and services is fundamental to social well being. Low incomes are linked to factors such as ill health, lower educational attainment and poor access to services.
Wealth can only be taken into account when viewed along side the cost of living.
Housing
Poor quality housing and overcroweded conditions often lead to ill health. In LIDCs and some EDCs millions live in slum housing, often due to rapid urbanisation.
Homelessness and afordable housing have become growing problems within ACs, lack of affordable hosuing has become a greater problem in rural areas due to the rise of seccond homes.
Health
There is a clear link between health and deprivation due to poor housing, a poor diet, unhealty life style and increased stress all have negertive impacts on health.
In rural areas accessing healthcare can be a problem due to how spread out the healthcare is and the poor infustrcuture in the rural areas.
Education
Education is seen as one of the best ways of tackling inequality as illiteracy bars people from further education, skills training and jobs.
The Melenuim Development Goals identified the value of education and the UN made universal access to primary education of the goals.
In rural areas of LIDCs access to education (esspiclly for young girls) is poor.
Access to services
People bieng unable to accesses services is seen as a signifcant disadvantage.
Access to services includes access to medical provisions, enternainment, banking and jobs.
At a national level the inequality is found between the core regions that have plenty of services and the peripheral regions.
There is a rural - urban devide in relation to the number of services.
Income can infleunce your capability to afford, get to and be near services.
Globalisation's role in economic change
Globalistion has increased the transfer of ideas, people and capital, this has led to the global economy becoming more closely connected. For better and for worse.
Global shift
Global shift
-- This is the movement of industry away from ACs and into EDCs and LIDCs.
This has a major impact on many industrail regions in ACs such as the Steel Belt in the USA and Northern regions in the UK, however ACs transformed their economies into those focused on the territary and quatnerary sectors.
Benefits and negertive
ACs
Benefits
Cheaper imports
Economic growth in LIDCs could lead to greater demand for AC products.
Greater inudstrial effeincy in remaining sectors should improve technology.
Loss of mining and industrail sectors can lead to an increase in enviromental quality.
Negertives
Job loss.
Gap between skilled and unskilled workers grows.
Employment gains from new effciencies will only occur if industrialised countries can keep their wages down.
Job losses are focused in certian areas (the north).
EDCs and LIDCs
Benefits
Higher value and greater amounts of exports will promote investment.
Increased exports will increase government funds.
New industry can generate new, better paid jobs.
Can reduce negertive trade balance.
Can bring in new techology.
Can reduce development gap.
Negertives
Unlikely to reduce inequality on a rural to urban scale as jobs are centered in the core regions.
TNCs may treat employees poorly (sweat shops).
Can lead to over dependence on a narrow economic base.
Can destabilise food supplies as people give up agriculutre.
Enviromental issues linked to rapid industrialisation.
Health and safety issues.
When TNCs invest in a region they often cause a positive multiplier affect that draws more TNCs to invest.
https://docs.google.com/drawings/d/1_k1Usm_gOoZbGoIcfuVXDAGhyya5fjfsHGyLL6cesHg/edit
Booms and busts
The economic situation of a place is never static and it rises and falls in a proccess of booms and busts.
This term was coined by a Russian economist who claimed that the capitalist economic system opperates on 50 year cycles of growth and decline.
Growth is created by new technologies creating new opportunities and so creatign growth.
Areas that are home to this technological growth gain an uneven advantage for this economic growth.
Decline is caused by new technologies no longer being new and thus creating stagnation.
Recession
-- This is a period of negertive economomic growth.
Government role in combatting social inequality
In most countries governemnt plays an important role in the distribution and allocation of resources as well as bieng a key decision maker.
UK government for tackling inequality
Taxation
Income tax is used to redistribute wealth from more prosperous to less prosperous groups. Most governments have a progressive tax system where richer people pay a higher percentage of tax.
Many esstential goods are VAT free as a way of reducing the costs of these products. This is helpful for poorer people as they spend a higher proportion of income on basic goods.
Subsideies
Governemnts try to reduce inequality by giving subsidies to poorer groups, this could mean free school meals, clothing allowences and help with university fees. Other groups like parents and pensioners may also get subsidies.
Planning
Governemnts, charities and hosuing agencies often give pirotity to upgrading housing and services in the poorest areas. This could be on a scale of nieghbourhoods to regions.
Law
The UK has legislaton that outlaws discrimination on: racial, ethnic, gender and age critieria and aims to give equal opportunity to all groups.
Education
Education is seen by many governemnts as a key way of tackling inequality.
The UK government provides funding for training and upgrading skills so as to raise skill levels and qualifications, improve employment prospects and boost economic growth.
Education programmes can also be aimed at tackling unehalthy diets and activities.
Pensions
The state pension is now one of the biggest government expensises, but is used to tackle poverty in old age as everyone is gaurnteed a certian level of wealth in their old age.
There is inequality in old age wealth as many people rely soley on state pensions, but many also have occuptional pensions that provide them with more wealth.
Health care
Healthcare in Western Europe is provided by a combination og governemnt and private organisations. These state run parts (like the NHS) aim to reduce inequality in healthcare access by enabling everyone to access healthcare.
There is inequality in the distribution of healthcare.
In rural areas it can be harder to access medical serivces due to poor infaustruture. Spatial inequality in healthcare access (within the UK) is called the postcode lottery.
Language and cultural barriers can also prevent the effective working of the NHS.
Rural serivices
In rural areas devleopment for many years has been focused on the idea of key settlements (services are focused on large villages and towns which can better sustain the services). Improvements in mobility have reduced the need of this as people travel to multiple settlements.
Players in economic change of place
Governemnt
This can be on both an international scale (the EU), national scale or a local scale.
Governemnts have signficant capabilities to fund economic chnage through grants and investment in services and governemnts often try to stimulate economic growth.
Local governemnts play a role in the planning of the local areas and the implentation of national government policy.
Private players
These include business to the self employed.
The main aim of private players is to generate money to make a profit.
Local communities
Local communities are concered with their immediate area, such as the building of new houses or the development of brownfield sights.
NGOs
Many Non-Governemntal Organisations exist with a specific focus, these can be large groups or groups focused on local areas.
An example is the National Trust.
Place making
Governemnts role
Since the growth of TNCs governments have been keen to attract inward investment.
Foriegn direct investment (FDI)
-- This is the investment from one country to another, mianly through TNCs.
60% of TNC investment is into ACs.
However Chinese and Indian companies are increasing their FDI.
On many scales governments act as funders and coordinators of the placemaking process, at a more local level they may also be involved in some of the development.
Planners and architects
Architecture can make in impact on placemaking through the desing of individual buildings.
Good architecture reflects the culture and history of a place, good architecture also infleunces how people live their lives.
Problems realted to poor architecture can be seen in many counsil estates that were desinged to be cheap and easy to build, but not to look good. This has led people living in them to have little care for their maintance.
Local governemnts run much of the planning within the country and develop their own plans for their regions.
Rebranding
Why rebrand?
Brand
-- This is the image that people have of place (how people who live their and how people who don't live their view it).
Rebranding
-- This is the process of changing the image/perception of an area (the brand), this is typically done when there is a major change to the area or there is a decision that the area has a negative brand (that is making it harder to attract investment).
Rebranding involves changing three key areas within a places brand.
Rebranding the
brand artefact
This involves changing the physical enviroment of a place such as removing derelict builidngs, renovating builidings and putting them to use or creating new enviroments (such as building a new park).
Rebranding the
brand essecence
This invloves changing how people expereince a place. This means changing what it is like to live in an area (such as improving public transport or housing), what it is like to work in a place etc.
Rebranding the
brandscape
This invloves changing how the place changes how it positions itself compared with competitor places.
For example many people have called for rebrand the UK (and mainly London) as 'Singapour on Thames'.
Strategies for rebranding
Market led
This involves private investors aiming to make a profit and is mainly led by private property developers.
Gentrification
-- This is the process of low-income areas (primarily in cities) becoming developed by people on high incomes to make them 'gentrified' and more middle class.
This commonly forces people out as they can no longer afford to live in these areas and this can create conflict/generate opposition from residents.
Top down
This involves large scale organistions such as local governemnts (and planing departments) as well as private investors developing an area.
This is commonly done in tangent with market led rebranding.
Flagship development
This is the construction of large, one off property projects with distinctive architecture.
This can act as a catalyst for further development.
An example of this is the underwater Eden project in Morcombe which is aimd to increase investment into one of the most deprived parts of the country.
Legacy
This is the using of past events such as major sporting events to attract investment into an area.
Events or themes
This involves using big events such as the European Capital of Culture to serve as a catalyst for the development of a place.
The impact events like these can have on a region have now begun to be taken into account (with the aim to use these as devleopment catalysts).
What ever the stratgey that is used to help rebrand a place, there are a few elements that can be used to improve the rebranding process. They include:
Architecture
This is nearly always used as it is ever present in a place, it can either be used to reinforce the herritage of the area or can be used to make the area look modern.
This does not only include how people view buildings, but how they are used. It is becoming more common for cities such as London and Leeds to turn derilict buildings/factories into markets.
Herritage
This is nearly always present and can help revailtise a place by attracting tourists to an area through advertising a places history.
Wessex Tourist Board has used the herritage of the region to be the back bone of much of the rebranding of the region.
Retail
This has become more important as consumer spending has increased and this has meant that rebranding can be aided by the 'shopping experience'.
This has been important to the rebranding of Dubia which has tried to make itself appear as a tourist destination partly with the help of fancy shopping centres.
Art
Both art galleries and art events can help rebrand places by making people see these places as hubs of art/music (this has been done with the Glastonbury festival).
Sport
Major sporting events can be the catalyst for rebranding as the focus is on this area and on the sport.
Qatar has attempted to rebrand itself as a sporting hub for the world by hosting world cups, athletics competions and marathons, however this has not been particullary successful.
Food
Some places can become well known for their food. This can be helped by Protected Destination of Origin (PDO) scheme that ensures that certian products can only be made in certian areas (Cornish pasties in Cornwall, or Champaign wine in Champaign).
Players in rebranding
Governments at all levels play a huge role in funding rebranding projects through tourist boards and policies such as 'Leveling Up' and the Northern Power House.
Businesses can be important funders of rebranding and can be important in enacting rebranding, for example property developers in redeveloping buildings and homes in an area.
Not for profit groups such as the National Trust and community organistions can help direct what is needed in rebranding and can help/try to maintian certian apects of the brand that they like.
Conflict asscoaited with rebranding
Changes in the character of a place
Gentrification brings about a socio-economic change as wealtheir people moving into poorer areas and change the area by changing the type of shops and jobs that are present. This can make people feel strangers in their community and can cause resentment.
Favouring one group over another
Some people will feel like they are being favoured less by developments then others, this can make people feel ignored and make them feel like they are not benefting from rebranding.
Differences in pirorities
Different groups will have different pirorities for example urban developers will want to enusre the highest profits meanwhile the local community will want to ensure that the area does not become foriegn to them.
Overall the conflicts stem from people feeling ignored and strangers in their own communities.
Assessing the success of rebranding
There are three key measures of sucess
Economic
Improvements to wealth, income and job opportunities.
Social
Improvements to the quality of life for residents.
Enviromental
Improving the physical enviroment of a place
No matter what type of rebranding occurs it is important to set measurements of success so that it is evident whether the programe has succeded (and it can help improve later rebranding projects).