To make 3 different antacid tablets and determine
which antacid tablet is the most effective in neutralising acid in the stomach?

What is an antacid?

An antacid is a substance that neutralizes stomach acidity and is used to relieve heartburn, indigestion or an upset stomach. With this medicine it stop symtoms of heatburn and intigestion.

Do antacid tablets
vary in chemical composition?

What is the chemical composition of an antacid?

commercially available antacids are combinations of aluminum and magnesium hydroxide. Some effervescent antacids contain sodium bicarbonate

Al= aluminum; Mg = magnesium; Ca = calcium; Na = sodium

NaHCO3 sodium bicarbonate , Mg(OH)2 magnesium hydroxide, Al(OH)3 Aluminium Hydroxide, CaCO3 calcium carbonate

Various compounds with various salts of calcium, magnesium, and aluminum as active ingredients

Various compounds with various salts of calcium, magnesium, and aluminum as active ingredients

What acid is present in your stomach?

Gastric acid is in the stomach called hydrochloric acid - HCl

What do we mean by the word “effective antacid?”

A high acid neutralization capacity and rapid gastric acid neutralization qualities


  • Antacids such as sodium bicarbonate and calcium carbonate have the greatest neutralizing capacity but are not used for long periods of time due to adverse events.

How
will the effectiveness of antacid be measured?

How will you collect the data?

Using a table in which compared the effectivness of the three different antacids with others compareing how effective it can change pH
nacid neutralized by tablet = nacid initially in flask – nacid neutralized by NaOH

How will you make the three different type of antacid tablets?

  • Note equipment list in other document
  1. One antacid present - sodum bicarbonate -NaHCO3
  2. Retreive items listed above
  3. Measure out 160mg of sodium bicarbonate on the balance
  4. Place one half of the capsule in the capsule tray
  5. Spread the sodium bicarbonate across the capsule tray filler
  6. Use the power spreader to allow the bicarbonate to fall into capsule
    5.When the capsule is filled with the sodium bicarbonate, seel it with the tample tool
  7. After that, close the half of the capsule with the other half
  8. Confirm the mass, by messuring the ready capsule on the scale

How will I know what most effective antacid tablets

What brands have antacids

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Aluminum hydroxide gel

Calcium carbonate (Alka-Seltzer, Tums)

Magnesium hydroxide (Milk of Magnesia)

Gaviscon, Gelusil, Maalox, Mylanta, Rolaids

Pepto-Bismol

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What is signigicant about the particular bases that help neutralise

How fast the antacid can netralise the ph of the stomach acid

How long the antacid lasts for netutralising the acid

What is reflux

What is reflux (GERD) caused by

Acid reflux occurs when the sphincter muscle at the lower end of your esophagus relaxes at the wrong time, allowing stomach acid to back up into your esophagus. This can cause heartburn and other signs and symptoms.

Many things can cuase for reflux including certain food and drink – such as coffee, tomatoes, alcohol, chocolate and fatty or spicy foods.

Overeating

Affects of reflux

Since the stomach acid are so strong, it can damage the tissue lining the esophagus, causing inflammation and pain

Sodium bicarbonate [NaHCO3] – Sodium bicarbonate is a weak, short-acting antacid. While generally a safe household remedy, its high sodium content is a disadvantage.

What is neutralising

The act of making a substance neutral (= not an acid or an alkali): Slowing digestion may allow more complete mixing of food and neutralization of acid. the neutralization reaction of an acid and a base
In chemistry terms
Neutralization or neutralisation is a chemical reaction in which acid and a base react quantitatively with each other. In a reaction in water, neutralization results in there being no excess of hydrogen or hydroxide ions present in the solution..

Will know when the neutralization of a strong acid and strong base has happned when the pH equal to 7

aluminum hydroxide and calcium carbonate dissolve slowly.

Antacids such as sodium bicarbonate and calcium carbonate have the greatest neutralizing capacity but are not used for long periods of time due to adverse events.

How does an antacid react with the gastic acid

Calcium Carbonate [CaCO3] – Calcium Carbonate (chalk) is the most potent usable antacid. It can completely neutralize stomach acid.


Harms
About one-third of the administered calcium is absorbed, and high blood calcium or calcium-containing kidney stones are slight risks.

Aluminum Hydroxide [Al(OH)3 – Compared to magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide is a weak, slow-acting antacid, and its acid-neutralizing effect varies among commercial products.


Aluminum may protect the stomach lining from the damaging effects of alcohol and other irritants. Aluminum hydroxide inactivates the gastric digestive enzyme pepsin. However, the principal reason for its inclusion in commercial antacid preparations is to counteract the diarrhea effect of magnesium.


In real life how to test the effectiveness of experiment-
have to choose diffferent populations of people to tesst with the atacid and one group with the placebo. Double blind experiemnt where the group doesn't know where they are taking the

2, Duel action - with long-lasting releif using Sodium bicarbonate and calcium carbonate - because it has two different active antacids will contribute to long and fast releif from any reflux and intigestion symtoms


  1. Retreive the items listed above
  2. Mesure out 160mg of sodium bicarbonate and 160mg of calcium carbonate using the electronic scale on the watchglass
  3. Place the antacids into the petridish and mix together with spatula
  4. Place one half of the capsule in the capsule tray
  5. Spread the two antacids into the capsule tray filler
  6. Use the powder spreader to allow all the antacids to fall into capsule
  7. When the contents of the two solutions are in the tablet, seal with tample tool
  8. After, close the half of the capsule with the other half using the opposite side of the capsule tray
  9. Confirm the mass by mesuring the capsule on the ready scale

  1. Duel action - sodium alginate, sodium bicarbonate and calcium carbonate. Sodium alginate forms a barrier on top of the stomach. This will help to reduce the burning pain the chest. Along with this the sodium bicarbonate and calcium carbonate with neturalise the rest of the gastric acid. The more active ingredients, will make the tablet stronger to be fast releif and last longer.


  2. Retrieve the items listed above

  3. Mesure out 180mg of sodium alginate, 160mg sodium bicarbonate and 160mg calcium using the watchglasses and the electronic scale
  4. Place the antacids into 1 petridish and mix with spatula
  5. Place one half of the capsule on the capsule tray
  6. Spread the two antacids into the capsule tray filler
  7. Use the powder spreader to allow all of the solution to fall in capsule
  8. When the contents of the two solutions are in the capsule, seal with tample tool
  9. After, close the half of the capsule with the other half using the opposite side of the capsule tray
  10. Confirm the mass of capsule by remesuring on the scale again.

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Effectiveness of each antacid often depends on the how it can neutralise and buffer the stomach acid (NBCI 2022), releiving the symptoms of stomach reflux

manufactures often reformulate the antacid tablets to make sure it meets the needs e.g. adding dual action

Antacids work by counteracting (neutralising) the acid in your stomach. They do this because the chemicals in antacids are bases (alkalis) which are the opposite of acids. A reaction between an acid and base is called neutralisation. This neutralisation makes the stomach contents less corrosive. This can help to relieve the pain associated with ulcers and the burning sensation in acid reflux.