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CONSCIOUSNESS - Coggle Diagram
CONSCIOUSNESS
Sleep and Dreaming
Sleep has five main stages. Sgtages 1 and 2 are lighter sleep, and stages 3 and 4 are deeper, slow-wave sleep. High physiological arousal and periods of rapid eye movement characterize th efith sgtage, REM sleep
Several brain regions regulate sleep, and the amunt we sleep changes as we age. Genetic, psycholopgicla end environmengtal factores affect sleep duration and quality
Sleep deprivation negatively affects mood and performance. The restoration model proposes that we sleep to recover from physical and mental fatigue. Evolutionary/circadian models state that each species developed a sleep-wake cycle that maximized its chance of survival
Insomnia is the most common sleep disorder, but less common disorders, such as narcolepsy, REM sleep behaviour disprder and sleep apnoea, can have serious consquences. Sleepwalking tyoicalluy occurs during sloe-wave sleep, whereas nightmares most often occur during REM sleep. Night terrors create a near-panic state of arousal and typically occur in slow-wave sleep
Dreams occur throughout sleep but are most common during REM periods. Unpleasent dreams are common. Our cultural background, current concerns and recent events influence what we dream about
Freud proposed that dreams fulfil unconscious wishes that show up in disguised fporm. Activation-synthesis thepory regards dreaming as the brain´s attempt to fit a story to random neural activity. Cognitive-process dream theories emphasize that dreaming and waking thought are produced by the same mental systems
Daydreams and nocturnal dreams often share similar themes. People with fantasy-prone personalities have especially vivid daydreams
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Drug-Induced states
Depressants, such as alcohol, barbiturates and tranquillizers, decrease neural activity. The weakened inhibitions often associated with low alcohol doses partly occur because alcohol depresses inhibitory brain centres
Amphetamines and cocaine are stimulants that increase arousal and boos mood. Ecstasy produces elation but can also cause agitation. A depressive crash can occur after these drugs wear off. Repeated use may produce serious negative psychological effects and bodily damage
Opiates increase endorphn activity, producing pain relief and mood changes that may include euphoria. Opiates are important in medicine but are highly addictive
Hallucinogens, such as LSD, powerfully distort sensory expereince and can blur the line between reality and fantasy
Marijuana produces relaxation at low doses but can cause anxiety and sensory distortions at higher doses. It can impair thinking and refelxes
A drug´s effect depends on its chemical actions, the physical and social settingm culturla norms and learning, as well as the user´s genetic predispositions, expectations and personality
Attention
Focused attention. The analogy of the bottleneck: the material we may wih to allow out of the bottle so we can attend to it is restricted by the narrowing of the bottleneck
Automaticity: the more we do a task, the less conscious attention we need to apply to it
Divided attewntion: rehearsal,practive and difficulty. Similarity.
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Hypnosis
Hypnosis involves an increased receptiveness to suggestions. Hypnotized people experience their actions as involuntary, but hypnosis has no unique power to make people behave against their will, alter their physiological reactions or perform amazing feats. Hypnossi increases pain tolerance, as do other psychological techniques
Soem people can be led to experience hypnotic amnesia and post-hypnotic amnesia. The use of hypnosis to improve memory is controversial. Hypnosis increase the danger that people wil develop distorted memories about events in response to leading questions asked by a hypnotist or examiner
Dissociation theories view hypnosis as an altered state of divided consciousness. Social cognitive theories state that hypnotic experiences occur because people have strong expectations about hypnosis and are highly motivated to enter a hypnotized role
Brain imaging reveals that hypnotized people display changes in neural activity consisten with their subjectively reported experiences. This supports the view that hypnosis involves an altered state, but whether it is a dissociated state and the extent to whcih people+s expectations bring about this state are still unclear