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PERCEIVING OURSELVES AND OTHERS - Coggle Diagram
PERCEIVING OURSELVES AND OTHERS
Attribution Theory
Internal Attribution:
Perceiving that behavior/event is caused mainly by the person
External Attribution:
Perceiving that behavior/event is caused mainly by factors beyond the person’s control.
Importance of the attribution process:
Improves our mental model of causation
We respond differently to internal versus external attributions of our own behavior and performance
Self-Serving Bias:
Attributing failures to external causes, successes to internal causes.
Due to self-enhancement process
Fundamental attribution error (correspondence bias):
Tendency to overemphasize internal causes of others’ actions
Difficult to see external causes of other’s’ behavior
Self Concept
Self-Concept characteristics
An individual’s self-belief and self evaluation
Consistency.
Multiple selves require similar personality attributes.
Complexity.
Number of distinct/important identities people perceive about themselves.
Clarity.
Self-concept is clear, confidently defined, and stable
Outcomes of 3 Cs
People have better well-being with Multiple selves (complexity), High-consistency selves.
better performance, leadership, career development, less threatened by conflict.
more adaptive, more diverse networks, but more stressful
Self-Enhancement
Drive to promote and protect a positive self-view.
Competent, attractive, lucky, ethical, valued
Evident in common and important situations.
Outcomes :
Better mental and physical health.
Higher motivation due to “can-do” beliefs
Self-Verification
Motivation to confirm and maintain our self-concept.
Stabilizes our self-concept.
We communicate self-concept to others
We seek confirming feedback
Outcomes :
Affects perceptions
Tend to dismiss feedback contrary to self-concept
Self-Evaluation
Self-esteem :
Extent to which people like, respect, and are satisfied with themselves.
Self-efficacy :
Belief that we can successfully perform a task (MARS factors)
Locus of control :
General belief about personal control over life events. Higher self-evaluation with internal locus of control.
The Social Self
We define ourselves by groups we are easily identified with, that have high status, and our minority status in a situation.
Opposing motives:
Need to be distinctive and unique (personal identity).
Need for inclusion and assimilation with others (social identity).
Stereotyping
Assigning traits to people based on their membership in social categories.
Why people stereotype:
categorical thinking
fulfills drive to comprehend and predict others'behavior
supports self-enhancement and social identity
Social identity and self-enhancement reinforce stereotyping through:
categorization process
homogenization process
differentiation process
Problems with stereotyping:
Overgeneralizes doesn’t represent everyone in category
Stereotype threat.
Foundation of systemic and intentional discrimination
Overcoming stereotype biases:
Difficult to prevent stereotype activation
Possible to minimize stereotype application
Perception and Selective Attention
Perception: the process of receiving information about and making sense of the world around us
Selective attention: selecting versus ignoring sensory information
Mental Models in Perceptions
Knowledge structures that we develop to describe, explain, and predict the world around us
Problem: Mental models make it difficult to see the world in different ways