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PUNCTUATION - Coggle Diagram
PUNCTUATION
6.3 COMMA
- After an introductory phrase
in this section, we discuss
or
in this section we discuss both is correct
- Between elements in a series of three or more items
Correct: height, width, and depth
Incorrect: height, width and depth
- To highlight statistics that are already included in parenthesis in the text and to prevent nested parentheses.E.g(nap: M = 7.48 hr, SD = 1.99; wake: M = 8.13 hr, SD = 1.22)
- To remove the conjunction between two independent clauses
E.g Facial expressions were presented, and different photo models were
chosen randomly.
- To add the year to text's precise dates or a retrieval date
E.g Retrieved April 24, 2020, from
in April 2020
- To begin in-text citations with the year in parentheses.
E.g(Bergen-Abramoff, 2018)
(Horowitz, 2019, discovered . . .)
- To divide most 1,000 or greater numbers into groups of three digits.
- To introduce a nonrestrictive or nonessential clause, which embellishes a sentence but would not alter its grammatical structure or meaning if removed
E.g Strong fearful faces, which are rarely seen in everyday life, convey
intense expression of negative emotions.
6.1 SPACING
1.Space after comma, colons and semicolons. (2020, September 10)
- Space after periods that following initials in author's name (Pierce J. W.)
- Space after punctuation marks at the end of a sentence. (How to live a healthy life. Journal on Aging)
- DO NOT :red_cross: - space after internal period in abbreviations. (U.S., U.K. )
- DO NOT :red_cross: - space after periods in identity-concealing labels for study participants (F.I.M.)
- DO NOT :red_cross: - space when using ratio (1:3)
6.7 QUOTATION MARKS
- Quotation Marks are usually come in a pair, and it looks like this " "
- Quotation marks are used to show that the text it taken word for word from another source, to call attention to an important word or phrase, or when using technical term for the first time.
eg: the "free radical" & "ions" "atoms"
- Quotation marks are also used in text when presenting a dialog such as "Hey, how are you doing Mr.Chong?", "I'm pretty good Mr.Tee!"
- used in introducing a word or phrase used as an ironic comment; use quotation marks only for the first occurrence of the word or phrase, not for subsequent occurrences. For instance, " I love exam! " & " I love study! "
- To set off the title of a periodical article. For instance:
In text: Bakker's (2018) article, "Motivating Job and happiness at work"In reference list: Bakker's (2018). Motivating Job and happiness at work.
Do Not :red_cross: use the quotation marks in the following cases:
- To highlight a key term or phrase
- To refer to a numeral as itself as the meaning is sufficiently clear enough without quotation marks
eg: the numeral "2" was displayed on screen.
6.5 COLON
A colon introduces an element or a series of element
that amplifies the information that preceded the colon.
A colon is basically the silent impression of "as follows", "which is/are", or "thus".
Example - There are three types of muscle in the body: cardiac, skeletal, smooth.
Colons can also be used to introduce a quotation. Example - He ended with the immortal words of Neil Young: "Rock and Roll can never die."
Colons are often used with lists, or be used to signal further clarification. Example - We have two options here: to stay and fight, or run like the wind.
It can be used to separate two independent clauses. Example - A dolphin is not a fish: it is a warm-blooded mammal.
6.2 PERIOD
- used in computing languages to separate elements, such as in URLs (Example: grammarly.com) or file names (Example: setup.exe).
- Abbreviations for specific time periods. (Example: Jan. , Dec. , Mon. )
- used in reference abbreviations.
Example: Ezzy, 2002, p. 30 , Referencing guide (14th Rev. ed.)
- to end a complete sentence. Example: The breakfast is ready.
- used in Latin abbreviations. Example: e.g. , etc.
- Use period in case of a person uses initials for only part of their name. Example: J. R. R. Tolkien
6.9 SQUARE BRACKETS
- When put a parentheses inside another parentheses.
i.e. ( [ ] )
- When put a short form in a parentheses.
i.e. (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers [IEEE])
- Limits of confidence interval.
i.e. [0, 100]
- Extra words added into the quotation.
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6.4 SEMICOLON
- Separate two independent clauses (I saw a cat; it was eating a fish.)
- Conjuctive adverbs (I don't like the color of lilies; moreover, they don't smell very good.)
- In a serial list. (I have buy bread and milk from shop; and lamb and beef from the market.)
- Separate multiple parenthetical citations (Gaddis, 2018; Williams & Peng, 2019)
- Separate different types of information in the same set of parentheses (n = 33; Fu & Ginsburg, 2020)
- Separate sets of statistics which contain commas (Group A, t = 3.01, p < .001; and Group B, t = 2.31, p < .001)
6.8 PARENTHESES
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Set off structurally independent elements. Example: The pattern were statistically significant(see Figure 5)
Use to highlight the author and the year author comment. Example: (Grouper & Finn, 1987)
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Identify item in list.Example: Computer Science major course include (a) Computer System & Networking (b) Multimedia & Graphic (c) Software Engineering
6.10 SLASH
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Note: If there is numerical value, slash will be used, but if there is not, then "per" will be used.
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In citations of translated, reprinted, reissued, or republished works
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To clarify a compound adjective, especially when one of the elements is a hyphenated compound
-> Compound adjective is created when two or more adjectives are combined together to modify the same noun.
-> Eg: a six-year-old child
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