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The Overview of Curriculum, Approaches, and Methods, and Theoretical…

- - - - Output: Refers to learning outcomes, that is, what learners are able to do as the result of a period of instruction. This might be a targeted level of achievement on a proficiency scale (such as the ACTFL Proficiency Scale) or on a standardized test such as TOEFL.
      - Syllabus: Traditionally, the term syllabus has been used to refer to the form in which linguistic material is specified in a course or method. Inevitably, the term has been more closely associated with methods that are product-centered rather than with those that are process centered. Syllabuses and syllabus principles for Audio lingual, Structural-Situational, and communicative methods, as well as in ESP and text-based approaches to language program design, can be readily identified.
      - Input:Refers to the linguistic content of a course. It seems logical to assume that before we can teach a language, we need to decide what linguistic content to teach. Once content has been selected it then needs to be organized into teachable and learnable units as well as arranged in a rational sequence.
      - Process: Refers to how teaching is carried out and constitutes the domain of methodology in language teaching.
      - Methodology: Encompasses the types of learning activities, procedures and techniques that are employed by teachers when they teach and the principles that underlie the design of the activities and exercises in their textbooks and teaching resources.
- - - - Attribution theory
      - Cognitive development
      - Elaboration theory
      - Conditions of learning
    - - Experiential learning
    - - Direct Instruction
      - Programmed instruction
      - Social Learning theory
    - - Social development theory Case-Based learning
      - Cognitive apprenticeship
      - Discovery learning
      - Problem-based learning
      - Situated learning
      - Activity theory
      - Actor-network theory
- - - - resources in terms of time, space, and equipment used by the teacher
      - interactional patterns observed in lessons
      - tactics and strategies used by teachers and learners when the method it being used