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Causes and consequences of development within the UK - Coggle Diagram
Causes and consequences of development within the UK
What is the pattern of development in the UK?
Pattern of household wealth
Uneven development in UK, North-South divide
Clear wealth divide between the wealthy 'south' and poorer 'north'
Disparity (great difference) exists within the South - the South-East region is much wealthier than other regions - over 13% of households have total wealth of close to £1million
Pattern of health
Again a clear North-South divide
High rates of coronary heart disease often associated with lifestyle issues including smoking, diet and exercise
Imbalances within regions
Although clear regional trends, regional averages hide huge imbalances.
Within all regions there will be some very wealthy individuals and some who are very poor
In London
7500 people who sleep on streets at night
Borough of Tower Hamlets is the 3rd most deprived borough in England and has highest rate of child poverty
In borough of Islington, mortality rate for CHD is 114 per 100,000, higher than any other regional figures
Causes of uneven development
Geographical location
London is centre of economic activity and wealth creation in UK, mainly due to its role as capital of the UK
London has been one of the worlds major trading centres
It is the UK's major hub for business, finance and media
Many national and international companies have their headquarters in London
As London has grown, wealth has extended out into rest of South East
Many people who work in London commute from 'home counties' choosing to live in more pleasant rural surroundings
The areas around London have witnessed tremendous economic growth
Cities like Cambridge have become core growth centres
Increasingly, London and the South East has benefitted from trade with Europe
London and the South East have excellent access to the continent
Fats Eurostar rail services through channel tunnel
Several ferry routes and many air connections from London's airports, including the City Airport in the centre of London
Regions in north and west of UK are more distant from European mainland.
Despite good transport links with cities such as Manchester and Glasgow, many rural area are remote and inaccessible.
Whilst some northern cities have a wealthy base, the rural districts are often much poorer, unlike the wealthy rural areas in south east
Economic change
Before Industrial Revolution
Most people in UK worked in farming, mining or related activities - the primary sector
Industrial Revolution (late 19th century)
People moved to towns and cities for work - making steel, ships or textiles (manufacturing sector).
During this period, much of UK's growth was centred on northern coalfields
Heavy industries and engineering thrived in the cities and a great deal of wealth was generated
De-industrialisation (mid-late 20th century)
Many industries in the 'north' closed, mainly due to competition from abroad and people lost their jobs
In 2015, the Redcar steelworks on Teesside closed with the loss of some 1700 jobs - had huge impact on the community and economy of region
Late 20th century - early 21st century
Recently, huge growth in service or tertiary sector involving jobs in health care, offices, financial services and retailing
Most recently, the quaternary sector (knowledge) has developed with jobs in research, information technology and the media. Most of these jobs based in London and South east.
Today, London is a world centre for financial services, media, research and the creative industries, it has benefitted hugely from globalisation and interconnectivity with the rest of the world
Infrastructure
Involves transport, services and communications
In recent years, London and South East has benefitted from number of developments including
The channel tunnel (1994)
Expansion of airports (Stansted and construction of terminal 5 at Heathrow)
High Speed 1 Eurostar trains starting to operate fromLondon St Pancras (2007)
In future, several planned developments in transport including Crossrail and the construction of a new airport runway at Heathrow
Government policy
Government infrastructure projects such as Crossrail, regeneration of London's docklands and the construction the 2012 Olympic site have all promoted growth of the south
In 2015, government announced plans to create Northern Powerhouse of modern manufacturing industries specialising in science and technology across major cities of the north - aim to redress the North-South economic imbalance and to attract investment into northern cities and towns. Several transport improvements will support this
HS2 - £50billion project to build new high-speed railway line to connect London with Birmingham and then onto Sheffield, Leeds and Manchester. Maybe extended to Newcastle and into Scotland. Highly controversial.
Electrification of the Trans-Pennine Express Railway between Manchester and York by 2020, reducing journey times by up to 15mins and completing the electrified link between Liverpool and Newcastle
Electrification of the Midland Mainline, between London and Sheffield by 2023