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Respiration :person_with_ball: - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Acetyl coenzyme A (2C)
      - Coenzyme A (CoA)
- - - - Undergoes decarboxylation and dehydrogenation
        
        Products CO2 and H+
        
        Reduced NAD
        
        Keto-Glutaric (5C)
        
        Undergoes decarboxylation and dehydrogenation
        
        Products CO2 and H+
        
        Reduce NAD
        
        Succinic Acid (4C)
        
        Dehydrogenated
        
        H+ produced
        
        Reduced FAD
        
        Malic Acid (4C)
- - - - Hexose Phosphate
        
        ATP + Pi -> ADP
        
        Hexose Biphosphate
        
        Hydrolysis
        
        Triosephosphate
        
        2 NAD -> Reduced 2 NAD
        
        4ADP + Pi -> ATP
        
        Triosephosphate
        
        2 NAD -> Reduced 2 NAD
        
        4ADP + Pi -> ATP
- - - - Granum
        
        Thykaloid
        
        They are fluid filled sack sthat are stacked up to form Grana
        
        Grana are linked together by thylakoid membranes the resulting structures are called lamella
        
        Lamellae contain photosynthetic pigments. There are different kinds of photosynthetic pigments each pigment absorbs a different spectrum of wavelength. Examples of pigments are:
        
        Chlorophyll b
        
        Carotene
        
        Chlorophyll a
        
        Photosystems = photosynthetic pigments and proteins
        
        2 more items...
      - Thylakoid Membranes
      - Stroma
        
        Starch grain in the troma are where carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis are stored
    - - Light Absorption: this excites the electrons in the photosystem.
        Excited electrons are released from the chlorophyll.
        Chlorophyll has now been Photoionised
        
        Energy from photoionisation: The photoionisation of chlorophyll also results in a release of energy. this energy is used in photosynthesis to drive three reactions:
        
        Photophosphorylation = the production of ATP from ADP and Pi
        
        Reduction = Production of NADPH from NADP
        
        Photolysis = The splitting of water into protons, electrons and oxygen
        
        These reactions are necessary for photosynthesis to take place
      - Electron Transport Chain: High energy electrons are transported from the chlorophyll to an electron carrier. Electron carriers are proteins location in the thylakoid membranes. The series of electron carriers is called the electron transport chain.
      - Production of ATP and Reduced NADP. During the light-dependant reaction ATP and reduced NADP are produced. In this process electrons are transferred down the electron transfer chain and protons pass across the membranes of chloroplasts
        
        As the electrons move down the ETC, they lose energy. This energy pumps protons from the stroma into the thylakoids. The protons are being transported against their concentration gradient, meaning the process requires energy.
        As protons build up inside the thylakoids, a protons gradients forms across the thylakoid membrane because the concentration of protons inside the thylakoids is greater than in the stroma.
        
        Reduced NADP - when light energy is absorbed, high energy electrons are released.
        Some electrons are transferred directly to NADP. HTey are not passed along the ETC
        The electrons react with a proton in the stroma to produce reduced NADP
        
        Photolysis - electrons can be replaced by photolysis. In this process, light energy splits water into protons, electrons and oxygen. The electrons can then replace those released when light is absorbed.
        
        Non-Cyclic Photophosphorylation:
        
        Non Cyclic Photophosphorylation produces reduced NADP and ATP
        
        Electrons are not recycled in non-cyclic photophosphorylation.
        
        Both types of photophosphoylation produce ATP
        
        The ETC is located in the thylakoid membrane
      - Chemiosmosis:
        
        The protons diffuse down the concentration gradients across the thylakoid membrane through the ATP synthase enzyme
        
        As protons diffuse through the ATP synthase, energy is released this energy converts ADP and inorganic phosphate to ATP
        
        This process is called chemiosmosis
      - Cyclic and Non Cyclic Photophosphorylation:
        
        Cyclic Photophosphorylation
        
        Electrons are continuously recycled
        
        No reduced NADP is produced
        
        Photolysis
        
        ATP is produced
        
        Non -Cyclic Photophosphorylation
        
        ATP and reduced NADP produced
        
        Electrons in PSII are replaced by photolysis