Respiration ⛹

Link Reaction

Links Glycolysis to Krebs Cycle

Krebs Cycle

Glycolysis

Oxidation

Pyruvate (3C)

Acetate 2C

decarboxylated and dehydrogenated

CO2 Produced

Acetyl coenzyme A (2C)

Coenzyme A (CoA)

Gain Reduced NAD

Location: Matrix

Overall Equation: **

Location: Cytoplasm

Glucose Phosphorylated

2 molecules of pyruvate

2 NADH

2 ATP

Glucose

ATP + Pi -> ADP

Hexose Phosphate

ATP + Pi -> ADP

Hexose Biphosphate

Hydrolysis

Triosephosphate

Triosephosphate

2 NAD -> Reduced 2 NAD

4ADP + Pi -> ATP

2 NAD -> Reduced 2 NAD

4ADP + Pi -> ATP

Location: Matrix of Mitochondria

Products per cycle

1 ATP

3 reduced NAD

1 reduced FAD

Liberating enrgy from carbon bonds to provide ATP, reduced NAD and reduced FAD with the release of carbon dioxide

Acetly coA (2C) + Oxaloacetic Acid (4C)

Citric Acid (6C)

Undergoes decarboxylation and dehydrogenation

Products CO2 and H+

Reduced NAD

Keto-Glutaric (5C)

Krebs Cycle = Reduce carbon

Undergoes decarboxylation and dehydrogenation

Products CO2 and H+

Reduce NAD

Succinic Acid (4C)

Dehydrogenated

H+ produced

Reduced FAD

Malic Acid (4C)

2CO2

Energy Transfers

Photosynthesis

Chloroplast

Granum

Thylakoid Membranes

Stroma

Thykaloid

Starch grain in the troma are where carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis are stored

They are fluid filled sack sthat are stacked up to form Grana

Grana are linked together by thylakoid membranes the resulting structures are called lamella

Lamellae contain photosynthetic pigments. There are different kinds of photosynthetic pigments each pigment absorbs a different spectrum of wavelength. Examples of pigments are:

Chlorophyll b

Carotene

Chlorophyll a

Photosystems = photosynthetic pigments and proteins

Photosystem I (PSI)

Photosystem II (PSII)

Light Dependant Reaction

  1. Light Absorption: this excites the electrons in the photosystem.
    Excited electrons are released from the chlorophyll.
    Chlorophyll has now been Photoionised

Energy from photoionisation: The photoionisation of chlorophyll also results in a release of energy. this energy is used in photosynthesis to drive three reactions:

  • Photophosphorylation = the production of ATP from ADP and Pi
  • Reduction = Production of NADPH from NADP
  • Photolysis = The splitting of water into protons, electrons and oxygen

These reactions are necessary for photosynthesis to take place

  1. Electron Transport Chain: High energy electrons are transported from the chlorophyll to an electron carrier. Electron carriers are proteins location in the thylakoid membranes. The series of electron carriers is called the electron transport chain.

Production of ATP and Reduced NADP. During the light-dependant reaction ATP and reduced NADP are produced. In this process electrons are transferred down the electron transfer chain and protons pass across the membranes of chloroplasts

As the electrons move down the ETC, they lose energy. This energy pumps protons from the stroma into the thylakoids. The protons are being transported against their concentration gradient, meaning the process requires energy.
As protons build up inside the thylakoids, a protons gradients forms across the thylakoid membrane because the concentration of protons inside the thylakoids is greater than in the stroma.

Chemiosmosis:

  • The protons diffuse down the concentration gradients across the thylakoid membrane through the ATP synthase enzyme
  • As protons diffuse through the ATP synthase, energy is released this energy converts ADP and inorganic phosphate to ATP
  • This process is called chemiosmosis

Reduced NADP - when light energy is absorbed, high energy electrons are released.
Some electrons are transferred directly to NADP. HTey are not passed along the ETC
The electrons react with a proton in the stroma to produce reduced NADP

Photolysis - electrons can be replaced by photolysis. In this process, light energy splits water into protons, electrons and oxygen. The electrons can then replace those released when light is absorbed.

Non-Cyclic Photophosphorylation:

  • Non Cyclic Photophosphorylation produces reduced NADP and ATP
  • Electrons are not recycled in non-cyclic photophosphorylation.
  • Both types of photophosphoylation produce ATP
  • The ETC is located in the thylakoid membrane

Cyclic and Non Cyclic Photophosphorylation:

Cyclic Photophosphorylation

Non -Cyclic Photophosphorylation

Electrons are continuously recycled

No reduced NADP is produced

Photolysis

ATP is produced

ATP and reduced NADP produced

Electrons in PSII are replaced by photolysis