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mechanisms of perception - Coggle Diagram

- - - - cartilage
      - the pinna
        
        altering reflection of sound waves
        
        locate sound source
        
        middle to outer ear
    - - oval window
        
        transmits waves through fluid of ear
      - cochlea
        
        fluid filled tunnels
      - basilar and tectorial membrane
        
        auditory receptors
        
        excite auditory nerve cells
    - - tympanic membrane
        
        vibrates same as sound waves
        
        connects to malleus, incus and stapes
        
        transform waves to oval window
  - - - Functions
        
        processing info
        
        tonotopic map
        
        preferred tones
      - Additional areas
      - superior temporal cortex
        
        detection and motion of sound
      - experience for development
  - - - bones fail to transmit waves
      - disease/infections
      - cochlea and auditory nerve
        
        hear own voice
      - correction-amplifying stimulus
    - - damage
        
        cochlea
        
        only hear certain frequencies
        
        hair cells
        
        auditory nerve
      - prenatal/.childhood disorders
    - - constant ringing
      - nerve deafness
        
        axons represent other parts of body
      - after damage to cochlea
    - - less inhibitory neurotransmitters for auditory
        
        trouble with sound and hearing
  - - - high frequency 2000-3000Hz
    - - provide cue for SL upto 1500Hz
    - - difference from two ears
- - - - some respond to acids and temp
    - - have little myelin
        
        slow impulses
      - milf triggers glutamate from spinal chord
      - strong pain
        
        release of glutamate
        
        several neuropeptides
        
        substance P and CGRP
    - - reticular formation of medulla
        
        nuclei of thalamus
        
        amygdala
        
        hippocampus
        
        prefrontal cortex
        
        cingulate cortex
      - relief
        
        opioid mechanisms
        
        systems sensitive to drugs
        
        bind to receptors of spinal chord
        
        periaqueductal area of midbrain
        
        endorphins
        
        chemicals attach to brain receptors
        
        same as morphine
        
        different types for pain
    - - spinal chord receives messages from pain receptors
        
        same input from touch
        
        axons descending from brain
        
        input areas release endorphins
        
        decrease pain perception
    - - increase pain sensitivity
      - inflames tissue releases histamine, other chemicals
      - potentiated receptors
        
        chronic pain
      - itch
        
        release of histamines
        
        pathway spinal chord to brain
        
        slow impulses
        
        inhibitory
  - - - body and movements
      - touch receptors
        
        modified dendrite
        
        elaborated neuron ending
        
        bare ending and non neural cells
        
        simple neuron ending
        
        stimulation opens sodium channels
        
        pancinian corpuscle
        
        detects displacement/high frequency
        
        resists pressure
        
        vibrating increases flow of sodium
        
        triggers action potential
        
        chemicals stimulate temp receptors
        
        capsaicin
        
        menthol
        
        merkel disks
        
        respond to light touch
        
        in women
        
        compact into smaller areas
        
        more sensitive
      - CNS
        
        info enters through cranial nerves
        
        info enters spinal chord
        
        through spinal nerves to the brain
        
        motor component
        
        sensory component
        
        distinct pathways
        
        dermatome
        
        body area by single sensory spinal nerve
    - - located in parietal lobe
      - thalamus sends impulses to cortex
      - different sub areas respond to diff body areas
      - damage
        
        impairment of body perceptions
  - - - directs eye movement for balance
    - - adjacent to cochlea
      - otolith organs
        
        saccule
        
        utricle
        
        calcium carbonate particles
        
        excite head tilting
      - semi-circular canals
        
        jelly substance
        
        hair cells
        
        action potentials to brain stem and cerebellum
- - - - 4 primary tastes
        
        sweet
        
        bitter
        
        range of toxic substances
        
        25 bitter types
        
        sensitive to chemicals with toxicity
        
        salty
        
        sour
      - umami
    - - stimulation of taste buds
      - modified skin cells
      - have excitable membranes
        
        neurotransmitter release
        
        excite neighbouring neurons
      - papillae
        
        structures containing taste buds
        
        50 receptors per 1
        
        10 or more taste buds
      - mechanisms of taste receptors
        
        saltiness receptor
        
        permits sodium ions crossing
        
        action potential
        
        sour receptors
        
        presence of acid
        
        umami/sweet/bitter
        
        activate G protein
        
        releases messenger once molecule binds
        
        taste coding
        
        info from anterior to posterior tongue and throat
        
        taste nerves
        
        structure to medulla
        
        nucleus of tractus solitarius NTS
        
        projects info to brain
        
        somatosensory cortex
        
        insula is primary taste cortex
        
        hemisphere responsive to ipsilateral side
        
        sensitivity
        
        genetic factors
        
        hormones
        
        related to fungiform papilae
        
        tip of tongue
    - - converge in endopiriform cortex
    - - reduced perception of stimuli
      - fatigue of receptors
      - cross adaption
        
        reduced response after exposure
  - - - labelled line principle
        
        receptor respond to limited stimuli
      - across fibre pattern
        
        wider stimuli response
        
        perception of each item
- - - - rare cell of nasal passage
      - responsible for smell
    - - extend from cell body
      - mucous surface of nasal passage
    - - respond to chemicals outside cells
      - trigger changes in G protein
        
        triggers chemical activities
        
        action potential
    - - chemical released by animals
      - pick up same species
      - vomeronasal organ VNO
        
        receptors in mammals
        
        sensitive to pheromones
      - unconscious by humans
        
        menstrual cycles
  - - - similar chemicals excite close areas
      - different smelling chemicals
        
        excite more separated areas
      - coding detects which olfactory bulb is excited
        
        axons send to cerebral cortex
        
        coded by location
  - - - become vulnerable due to air exposure
    - - women detect more than men
        
        influenced by hormones
      - genes
        
        control potassium channels
        
        super smell