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MODAL VERBS (OBLIGATION) - Coggle Diagram

- - - - personal
        
        Eg.: I must get up early. I have a lot of things to do.
      - can refer to present / future
        NOT past
        
        Eg.: Present: I must go now.
        Future: I must go tomorrow.
        
        If we want to express past, we use HAVE TO
    - - feeling sure of something
        almost absolutely sure
      - Eg.: You have been travelling all day. You must be very tired.
      - CAN’T
        
        feeling sure of something being impossible
        
        Eg.: You have just eaten. You can’t be hungry again.
        
        in the past:
        CAN’T HAVE + past participle
        
        Eg.: I wasn’t there yesterday. You can’t have seen me.
      - in the past:
        MUST HAVE + past participle
        
        Eg.: I called you but you didn’t answer. You must have been asleep.
    - - means TILOS,
        not NEM KELL
      - something shouldn’t be done
      - Eg.: You mustn’t smoke in here.
    - - Eg.: You must do something.
  - - - Eg.: I have to get up early. My train leaves at 6:30 am.
    - - Eg.: Past: I had to go to the hospital.
        Present: I have to go to the hospital.
        Future: I will have to go to the hospital.
    - - means NEM KELL
      - something is not necessary to be done
        but if you want you can do it
      - Eg.: You don’t have to wash the dishes. I can do it when I get home.
    - - means the same, but used more informally
      - Eg.: I have to work tomorrow. =
        I have got to work tomorrow.
  - - - Eg.: You look tired. You should go to bed.
    - - Eg.: He should be here soon.
        You should tell me the truth.
    - - Eg.: You should have told me that.
    - - Eg.: You should read this book. =
        You ought to read this book.
  - - - Eg.: I need to get up early tomorrow.
      - DON’T NEED TO = DON’T HAVE TO
        
        Eg.: You don’t need to call me. =
        You needen’t call me.
    - - DIDN’T NEED TO
        
        it was not necessary and I didn’t do it
        
        Eg.: I didn’t need to get up early, so I didn’t.
      - NEEDEN’T HAVE + past participle
        
        it was not necessary but I did it
        
        Eg.: I needn’t have got up early, but I did.
- - - - Eg.:Don't tell anybody what I said. You must keep it a secret.
    - - don't do it
        
        Eg.:You must keep it a secret. You mustn't tell anyone.
    - - Eg.: Seatbelts must be worn.
    - - Eg.: I haven't spoken to Sue for ages. I must phone her. (= I say this is necessary.)
        
        Mark is a really nice person. You must meet him in person. (= I recommend this.)
  - - - it isn't a good thing to do
        
        Eg.: You shouldn' believe everything you read in the newspapers.
    - - Eg.: The man on the motorbike should wear a helmet.
  - - - you don't need to do it (but you can, if you want)
        
        Eg.: You don't have to come with me. I can go alone.
    - - Eg.: You can't turn right here. You have to turn left.
    - - Eg.: I haven't spoken to Sue for ages. I have to phone her. (= I say this is necessary.)
        
        Mark is a really nice person. You have to meet him in person. (= I recommend this.)
  - - - Eg.: We have planty of time. We needn't hurry. (=it is not necessary to hurry)
    - - We don't need to hurry.