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Exam 4 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - looks like a magnolia
      - radially symmetrical, cut at any angle
      - mutliple whorls
      - bisexual, with male and female components
        
        male- androecium, 2+ whorls of anthers
        
        female- gynoecium, 5+ carpels
    - - first evidence of flowers, "Archaefructus sinensis"
      - Likely herb-like
      - Likely aquatic
      - ~124.6 bya
    - - flowers had indefinite number of male/female parts
        
        flower parts became definite (reduced)
      - floral axis shortened
        
        ancient flowers had a spiral arrangement
        
        now, floral parts are often fused
      - ovary became inferior, protection is prioritized
        
        calyx and corolla are more defined
      - asymmetry and irregularities are more common
  - - - all floral organs
        
        sepals (calyx)
        
        petals (corolla)
        
        stamen (androecium), microsporophyll
        
        carpel (gynoecium)
      - incomplete misses 1 of the 4
    - - outermost appendage
      - modified leaves surrounding petals
      - protects bud in development
    - - located above sepals on receptacle
      - leaf-like but contain pigments other than chlorophyll
      - attract pollinators
      - corolla + calyx is called perianth
    - - occur above petals
      - composed of anther and supporting filaments
      - anther cells (microsporocytes) undergo meiosis to produce 4 microspores
      - microgametophytes are pollen grains
    - - modified megasporophyll
      - stigma catches pollen grains
      - style elevates the stigma
      - megaspores are produced in the ovary
      - after fertilization, ovules mature into seeds
  - - - whorls
        
        below ovary (superior ovary)
        
        above ovary (interior ovary)
      - perianth + stamen insertion
        
        hypogynous
        
        beneath ovary
        
        ex. lilies
        
        epigynous
        
        on top of ovary
        
        ex. apple flower
        
        perigynous
        
        lateral to caylx
        
        ex. cherry flower
    - - lacking organs #
        
        Hermaphroditic = perfect
        
        Monoecious = male + female flowers on the same plant
        
        Dioecious = male + female flowers on different plants
  - - - color
        
        some colors are more attractive than others
        
        colors require resources, will moit when unnecessary
        
        some are in uv spectrum
      - scent
        
        signal to pollinators, some are pheremone-esque
        
        some have scent glands like roses
        
        tied to certain chemicals
      - shape
        
        floral symmetry
        
        actinomorphic, radially symmetric
        
        zygomorphic, irregular or bilateral
      - blooming time
        
        diurnal - day time
        
        nocturnal - night time
      - rewards
        
        nectar
        
        pollen
        
        oils and fats
    - - abiotic
        
        anemophily (wind)
        
        not brightly colored, no reward, small, no petals, easily airborne
        
        hyrophily (water)
        
        copious heavy pollen, small, long filaments, oblong
      - biotic
        
        melittophily (bee)
        
        full of nectar, blue + yellow uv, aromatic, diurnal, landing platforms, bilaterally symmetrical, flowers are tubular with nectar
        
        psychophily (butterfly)
        
        in clusters landing platform, red+yellow+orange, diurnal, nectar deep in floral tubes
        
        phalenophily (moth)
        
        nocturnal, white, heavy scent, tubular corollas
        
        myophily, sapromorphily (fly)
        
        pale and dark, putrid odor, no nectar guides, pollen, funnel-like or traps
        
        ornithophily (bird)
        
        tubular corolla, odorless, diurnal, deep nectar, modest pollen
        
        chiropterophily (bat)
        
        nocturnal, pale or white, fragrant, pollen, diluted nectar
        
        cantharophily (beetle)
        
        bowl-shaped, white or dull, fruity, diurnal, moderate nectar, clusters of flowers
- - - - In early plants, male is multicellular haploid
        
        gametophyte is dominant
        
        male structure reduces over time
        
        sporophyte becomes dominant
        
        antheridia reduces
        
        in angiosperm, microgametophyte is 3-celled
        
        2 sperm cells and 1 tube nucleus
        
        endosporic
      - Sperm
        
        water is needed in early plants
        
        flagellated
        
        Pollen develops
        
        Micrgametophyte
        
        water is no longer required for dispersal
        
        exine layer protects sperm
        
        pollen disperses and is sucked into the pollen chamber
        
        grows hautoria pollen tubes
        
        tubes feed on nuucellus
        
        provide nutrients to the generative cell
        
        fertilization is a lengthy process, this can aid in sperm survival
        
        pollen tubes are modified to go straight to the egg
        
        direct delivery to the megagametophyte via synergids
    - - gymnosperms
        
        megasporangium is nutritious tissue, nucellus
        
        1 integument (unitegment)
        
        megaspore wall
        
        archegonium
        
        ex. pine ovule
      - angiosperms
        
        2 integuments (bitegment)
        
        megasporangium is nucellus
        
        megasporocyte is reduced to 1
        
        megaspore reduced to 1 and is retained
        
        megagametophyte - egg sac
        
        double fertilization #
        
        ex, lily ovule
    - - dominant
        
        good survival
      - advantges
        
        protect embryo and provides nutrition
        
        increased independence from water reproduction
        
        able to survive in drier habitats, remaining dormant if conditions are not ideal
        
        advanced reproductive traits like pollination drop
      - Gymnosperm
        
        several cotyledons
        
        become leaves
        
        integument becomes seed coat
        
        some have fleshy outer later called aril
        
        megametophyte tissue is left behind to nourish embryo
      - Angiosperms
        
        double fertilization
        
        pollen tube grows down style (within pistol)
        
        generative cell divides into 2 sperm
        
        pollen tube ruptures inside synergid and releases sperm
        
        one sperm fuses with egg - zygote
        
        one sperm fuses with polar nuclei
        
        develops into 3 triploid tissue (antipods)
        
        specialised nutritive tissue (endosperm)
        
        monocot
        
        one cotyledon
        
        large amount of endosperm
        
        ex. corn
        
        eudicot
        
        two cotyledon
        
        large amount of endosperm
        
        integuments become seed coat
        
        ex. beans
    - - Ovule is a megasporangium that is protected by integuments
        
        integuments were growths before surrounding the nucellus
        
        opening (micropyle) for fertilization
      - evolution of seeds spawn from 3 groups
        
        seed ferns
        
        extinct
        
        first to have seeds
        
        Gymnosperms
        
        Angiosperms
        
        monocots
        
        eudicots
      - Development
        
        Earliest seed (~360 mya)
        
        From late devonian period
        
        megasporangium and integuments are not attached
        
        "Elkinsia polymorpha"
        
        Primitive ovule
        
        integuments are now lobate
        
        integuments are free from nucellus
        
        "Moresnetia zalesskyi" ~360 mya
        
        Enclosed ovule
        
        complete enclosure of microsporangium by integuments
        
        increased protection of megagametophyte
        
        "Stamnostoma huttonese" ~352 mya
        
        evolution
        
        ovule and seed are thought to come from shoot apex
        
        apical meristem
        
        gymnosperm nucellus anatomy looks similar
        
        innovations of seeds #
        
        heterospory
        
        producing spores of two different sizes and sexes
        
        occurs in plants without seeds
        
        protection by integuments
        
        first integument were telomes
        
        second integument (angiosperms) with phyllad origin #
        
        special chamber to capture and keep pollen
        
        nucellus, with megasporanguim becoming nutritive tissue
    - - Evolution of the ovule
        
        retention of megaspore in the megasporangium
        
        reduction of megasporophytes/sporangium to 1
        
        megasporocyte undergoes meiosis, 1 megaspore survives
        
        modification of apex (micropyle)
        for microspores or microgametophytes
        
        embryo develops in the megagametophyte (endosporic)
      - sexual dimorphism
        
        male
        
        much smaller
        
        microspores
        
        microgametophytes
        
        female
        
        bigger
        
        megaspores
        
        megagametophytes