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EXAM 4 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - HETEROSPORY : megaspores-> megagametophyte, microspores-> microgametophyte, found in some non-seed plants
        
        MEGASPORANGIUM ENCLOSED IN INTEGUMENTS 1st integument telomes, 2nd integument phyllad origin
        
        REDUCE # OF MEGASPOROCYTES/MEGASPORANGIUM TO 1 : megasporocyte - mega spore mother cell, reduced to 1 per megasporangium rather than hundreds
        
        SURVIVAL OF 1 MEGASPORE : megasporocyte undergoes meiosis- 4 daughter cells, 3 degenerate, 1 megaspore remains
        
        RETENTION OF MEGASPORES WITHIN MEGASPORANGIUM : reudced megaspores with 3 other aborted, large megaspore retained inside megasporangium, extra layer of protection
        
        ENDOSPORIC MEGAGAMETOPHYTE : megagametophyte retained inside megaspore wall, fertilization of egg occurs in wall, extra layer of protection
        
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  - - - EARLIEST SEED: Elkinsia polymorpha : 4-5 lobes fused basal third, 360 mya, late Devonian
        Pseudosporangites quadrapartitus
        
        PRIMITIVE OVULE : lobate integuments-free from nucellus/megasporangium, Moresnetia Zalesskyi- 8-10 lobes fused at chalaza & widely seperated, 360 mya
        
        ENCLOSED OVULE : complete enclosure of megasporangium with integument- increased protection (Desiccation & Herbivory)
        
        OVULE EVOLUTION : evolved from shoot apex, gymnosperm nucellus apex similar to shoot apex
        
        INNOVATIONS : Heterospory, protections-integuments, Pollen Capture- pollen chamber & microphyte
  - - - ANTHERDIA : sperm develop within antheridia, sperm rely on water for swimming to archegonia
        
        FLAGELLATED SPERM : swim form
        
        POLLEN : microgametophyte, dispersal no longer requires H20, exine prevents desiccation, some with air bladders-transport by wind
        
        HAUSTORIA POLLEN TUBES : tubes feeding on nucellus, provide nutrients to developing sperm., can be lengthy porcess from pollination to fertilization
        
        DIRECT DELIVERY : direct delivery of serm to the megagametophyte, pollen tube-directed by synergids, feeds on nucellus (gymnosperms), feeds on style (angiosperms)
        
        REDUCED : angiosperm (3-celled) - tube cell, generative cell, microspore within microsporangium, mitosis with microspore wall, endosporic mal gametophyte=pollen grain
  - - - EXAMPLE: PINE OVULE : ovule on microsporophyll, 1 microsporocyte, pollen chamber, nesting doll- integument, nucellus, megaspore wall, megagametophyte, archegonium, egg
        
        ANGIOSPERM OVULE : 2 integuments, megasporangium = nucellus, megasporocyte reduced to 1, megaspore reduced to 1 amd retained, megagametophyte = egg sac, furniculum
        
        Example: Lily Ovule : 1 magesporocyte, 1 megaspore, 2 integuments, embryo sac = megagametophyte - 8 nucleate : 3 antipodals, 2 polar, 2 synergids, 1 egg
        
        GYMNOSPERM VS. ANGIOSPERMS : both single megasporocyte, both single megaspore, 1 integument, 2 integuments, unique to Angiosperms-additional protection from ovary wall, double fertilization
  - - - GYMNOSPERMS : Pine example, some with fleshy outer layer (aril), several cotyledons, integument becomes seed coat
        
        DOUBLE FERTILIZATION : pollen tube grows down style, generative cell divides into 2 sperm, pollen tube ruptures inside synergid releasing sperm, one sperm fuses with egg - 2n diploid, zygote, one sperm fuses with polar nuclei - 3m triploid, endosperm
        
        MONOCOT : 1 cotyledon = scutellum, large amount of endosperm, corn example, integuments become seed coat
        
        EUDICOT : 2 cotyedons, large amount of endosperm, integuments become seed coat, bean example
- - - - FIRST FLOWER FOSSIL : archae fructus sinensis, likely herbaceous & aquatic, 124.6 bya
        
        MOST PRIMITIVE EXTANT : amborellace, amborella, amborella trichopoda, new caledonia, dioecious (male & female plants), shrub
        
        GENERAL TRENDS : flowers indefinite in number of parts-> flowers have few parts that are definite in number, floral axis shortened- original spiral arrange no longer evident, floral parts often fused, ovary superior -> inferior - perianth has become differentiated in distinct calyx and coralla, radial symmetry -> irregularity
  - - - SEPALS: outermost floral appendage, are modified leaves that surrounded maturing flower parts, protect flower bud as it develops, may be colorful, all sepals together are referred to as the calyx
        
        PETALS : located above the sepals on receptable, are leaf-like but contain pigments other than chlorophyll, attract pollinators, collectively are called a corolla, sepals & petals = perianth, absent in wind- pollinated species
        
        STAMENS :are above petals, has 2 parts (anther and supporting filament), collectively called androecium, diploid anther cells (microsporocytes) undergo meiosis to produce 4 microspores, microspores undergo mitosi, form a resistant cell wall, microgametophyte : pollen grains
        
        CARPELS : megaporophyll, collectively called gymnoecium, stigma catches pollen grains, style elevates the stigma, ovary is where megaspores are produced, within ovary are placentae bearing small structures (ovules), after fertilization of the egg, ovules mature into seeds
  - - - PERIANTH AND STAMEN INSERTION : HYPOGYNOUS: perianth and stamens on receptable beneath ovary (lillies)
        EPIGYNOUS: perianth and stamen on top of ovary (apple flower), PERIGYNOUS: perianth and stamen adnate to calyx (cherry flower)
        
        IMPERFECT FLOWERS : lacking sexual organs, hermaphroditic = perfect, monoecious = male and female flowers on same plant, dioecious = male and female flowers on different plants, male = androecious , female = gynoecious
        
        DISPPLAY VARIATION: inflorescence, taxonomic importance, various ways to ensure cross pollination
- - - - SHAPE : floral symmetry, actinomorphic = radially symmetric (sunflower) , zygomorphic = irregular, bilateral (pea)
        
        BLOOM TIME : Dinoural = day time ; Nocturnal = night time
        
        REWARDS : nectar, pollen, oil
- - - - PSYCHOPHILY : (butterfly) in clusters and provide landing platforms; brightly colored; open during daytime; ample nectar produceds, nectar deeply hidden, nectar guides present; may be clusters of small flowers (spirea, goldenrods)
        
        PHALENOPHILY : (moth) many night pollinated species; white; heavy scent; tubular corollas
        
        MYOPHILY : (fly) pale & dull to dark brown or purple; putrid-like rotting meat, dung, etc; no nectar guides; produces pollen, flowers are funnel like or complex traps; saphrophily-for carrion mimics
        
        ORINTHOPHILY : (birds) tubular and have petals that are recurved (out of way); strong-supports for perching; bright (red, orange, yellow); odorless; open during day; produce nectar-deeply hidden; produces a little pollen
        
        CHIROPHILY : (bat) open at night; large in size; pale or white; very fragrant; copious dilute nectar
        
        CANATHAROPHILY : (beetle) bowl shaped with exposed sexual organs; white/dull white/green; strongly fruited; open at day; produce nectar; large solitary flowers (magnolia/pond lillie) or clusters of small flowers (goldenrods, spirea)
        
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  - - - HYDROPHILY : (water) copious pollen, small flowers, long filaments for pollen transport on surface, oblong - heavier pollen for submarine transport
- - - - PERICARP exocarp, mesocarp, endocarp
        
        ACESSORY FRUITS : any fruit with an acessory tissue, tissue besides ovary is included can be: simple aggregate or multiple
        
        PARTHENOCARPIC FRUITS : fruit development without fertilization and seed development (banana & seedless watermelon)
        
        SIMPLE FRUITS : single carpal (2+ united carpals) EXAMPLES: bean, cherry, tomato; MAJOR FLESHY TYPES : berries, drupes, pomes ; MAJOR DRY TYPES : dehiscent, indehiscent
        
        AGGREGATE FRUITS : apocarpous gynoecium, carpel retains its identity in mature state, EXAMPLES: magnolias, raspberries, strawberries
        
        MULTIPLE FRUITS : derived from inflouresence, combined gynoecia of many flowers, EXAPMLES: fig, mulberry, pineapple
- - - - ANIMAL: ACTIVE : fleshy, provide animal with nutrients, seed passes through gut without harm, regurgitated later or poop ; long distance dispersal
        
        ANIMAL: PASSIVE : hooks, catch on fur or hoofs, velcro
        
        SELF : gravity, exploding