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04 THE FRENCH REVOLUTION: LIBERTY, EQUALITY, FRATERNITY, Garazi García…
04 THE FRENCH REVOLUTION: LIBERTY, EQUALITY, FRATERNITY
DIFFICULT TIMES FOR THE MONARCHY
In the last third of the 18th century
Absolutism
Luis XVI
ruled under the ideas of the enlightened despotism
Criticising
population started to demand a change of regime
1789
French revolution
FACTORS THAT TRIGGERED THE REVOLUTION
The liberal ideas of the Enlightenment.
people called for separation of powers and equality before the law
United States
some French people and delegates from the states influenced the society
Inequality before the law
nobility and clergy didn't pay taxes and were the richest
Economic crisis
With the war France lost territory, had huge debts and luxury spendings in the court
Political unrest
lots of protests to the old regime and monarchy
Books of Grievances
people wrote their demands in the book
Social inequalities
population grew and food production wasn't enough
many Parisians went hungry and had no resources
PHASES OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
THE ESTATES-GENERAL (1789)
began in 1789 and ended in 1804 when Napoleonic empire was founded
1st phase bagan when the king assembled a consultative parliament
Estates general
assembled because the Royal Treasury had problems paying taxes
proposed the rich to pay taxes
It was one vote per estate
third estate wanted a vote per attendance
then, they formed the national assembly
declared themselves the only representatives of the French people
promised a Constitution
nobility and clergy rejected the idea
Estates-General were dissolved
NATIONAL CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY (1789–1791)
the social situation got worse
Parisians rose up
Attacked the Bastille prison
held political prisoners
soldiers defending the prison opened the doors for them to escape
King couldn't dissolve the Assembly
it introduced
abolition of feudal privileges
establishment of censitary suffrage
creation of an universal tax
Drew up the Constitution of 1791
established the division of powers
king executive
incorporated the Declaration of the Rights of man and of the Citizen
served as base for abolishing the Old regime
inspired today's Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Aticle 1
Men are born and remain free and equal in rights.
Article 3
The principle of all sovereignty resides essentially in the nation.
Aticle 11
The free communication of thoughts and opinions is one of the most precious rights of man.
Luis XVI contacted other absolute kingdoms to fight against the new regime
he was discovered and detained in his palace
LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY (1791–1792)
once the constitution was approved the assembly dissolved
formation of Legislative Assembly
in charge of preparing the laws
Political Tendencies
Plain
the majority
didn't belong to any party
Girondins
second highest numbre of people
moderate, federalists, and supporters of parliamentary monarchy
Jacobins
radical liberals, centralists and supporters of the Republic
minority
Austria and Prussia (absolutists)
attacked France in 1792
Sans-culottes rose up
suspicious of loyalty
Legislative Assembly suspended the executive power of the king
called elections by universal manhood suffrage
NATIONAL CONVENTION (1792–1795)
Assembly assumed legislative and executive powers
National Convention
A new constitution was to be created
in the war, the priority was fighting
invaders were defeated in the battle of Valmy
The Convention removed and imprisoned Luis XVI
The Republic was proclaimed
September 1792
Jacobins took control of the Convention
king was tried for treason and executed by guillotine
slavery was abolished
measures approved to support lower classes
Marie Antoinette
The Queen, sister of Austria-s emperor
Married Luis XVI
Was accused of defending Austrian interests and spending money on whims
convicted and executed in 1793
The Convention drew up a new Constitution
was never approved
Jacobins thought it would ba a grater political democratisation
universal manhood suffrage
distributing wealth
giving people the right food education and work
The Terror
Robespierre
leader of Jacobins
led the public health committe
defended the revolution
ordered the execution of anti-revolutionaries and anyone suspected of being it
The excesses of instability led a moderate sector of deputies to carry a coup in 1794
sized power
sentenced Robespierre to death
white terror
against Jacobins
began drafting a new constitution
THE CONSULATE (1799–1804)
Napoleon Bonaparte led a coup in 1799
sized the power
drew up another constitution
estabilished a Congress and a Senate
The Consulate had executive and legislative powers
ruled in an authoritarian way
first consul of the Republic
THE DIRECTORY (1795–1799)
new Constitution was approved in 1795
established an executive power called the ‘Directory’
Internal instability and the lack of a definitive victory abroad led to a new coup
Garazi García Antruejo