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reliability of memory - Coggle Diagram
reliability of memory
methods to retrieve information from memory or demonstrate the existence of information in memory
recall
being asked to reproduce info with the fewest possible cues to assist retrieval.
free recall
when participants are simply asked to remember as much info as they can, in no particular order.
eg: required to learn a list of randomly selected words, then after a period of time, required to write as many words they can recall in any order.
serial recall
when participants are required to recall items in order. the more specific the cue to retrieve info, more likely an individual is to locate and retrieve the relevant correct info stored in the LTM.
cued recall
makes use of more specific cues to aid retrieval.
eg: a cue for remembering the names of the seven dwarfs might be b,d,d,g,h,s,s
recognition
identifying the correct info from among alternatives.
eg: which of the following are the names of the seven dwarfs?
can recall more info with recall, more sensitive measure of memory
relearning
learning new info again that has been previously learnt and stored in LTM.
info is learned more quickly the second time.
most sensitive measure of retention.
reconstruction
reproduction of learned materials by rearranging the parts of an original stimulus, presented randomly.
remaking an object, sequence, material back into its original form from memory, after it has been jumbled.
eg: looking at a set of photos in a certain order. the photos are then shuffled into a random order, and you want to rearrange them into their original order.
fallibility of memory reconstruction
research by loftus
one of her studies consisted of 2 laboratory experiments that investigated the influence of a question wording on memory and how information supplied after an event can distort a witness.
leading questions
a question that has content or is phrased in such a way to suggest what answer is desired or to lead to the desired answer.
the way questions are asked during eye witness testimonies can influence memory and shows how recall does in fact involve an active reconstruction of events, that is open for interpretation.
factors influencing ability and inability to remember
context and state dependent cues
context dependent cues
environmental cues in a particular setting where a memory was formed that act as retrieval cues
state dependent cues
internal cues that relates to an experience may also trigger retrieval of associated memories. association with an individuals internal psychological and or physical state at the time the memory was formed.
maintenance and elaborative rehearsal
maintenance rehearsal
simple, rote repetition of info being remembered so it can be retained
elaborative rehearsal
the process of linking new info in a meaningful way with info already stored in long term memory. more active and effective, ensures that info is encoded aswell.
serial position effect
primacy effect
superior recall for items at the beginning of a list
recency effect
superior recall for items at the end of a list