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Exam 4 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - A flower is a stem with leaf-like structures.
      - Complete flowers have all four floral appendages:
      - Sepals, sterile
      - Petals, sterile
      - Stamens, male fx
      - Carpels, female fx
      - Incomplete flowers lack at least one appendage
      - Stamens
        
        Stamens occur above the petals.
        
        Are collectively the androecium.
        
        Two parts: anther and its supporting filament.
        
        Diploid anther cells (microsporocytes) undergo meiosis to produce four microspores.
        
        Microspores
        
        Undergo mitosis
        
        form a resistant cell wall
        
        Microgametophyte
        
        Pollen grains
      - Structal Modifications
        
        Carpel Positions
        
        Whorls inserted relative to ovary
        
        Superior
        
        Carpel above
        
        Inferior
        
        Receptacle surrounds carpel
        
        Carpel below
        
        Perianth & stamen insertion
        
        Hypogynous
        
        Perianth & stamens on receptacle beneath ovary
        
        ex lilies
        
        Epigynous
        
        Perianth & stamens from top of ovary
        
        ex apple flower
        
        Perigynous
        
        Perianth & stamens adnate to calyx
        
        ex cherry flower
      - Imperfect Flowers
        
        Lacking a whorl of sexual organs
        
        Hermaphroditic = perfect
        
        Monoecious = male flowers and female flowers on the same plant
        
        Dioecious = male flowers on plant, female flowers on different plant
        
        Male = androecious
        
        Female = gynoecious
      - Display Variation
        
        Inflorescence
        
        Taxonomic importance
        
        Various ways to ensure cross pollination
        
        Inflorescence
        
        Taxonomic importance
        
        Various ways to ensure cross pollination
        
        Inflorescence
        
        Taxonomic importance
        
        Various ways to ensure cross pollination
    - - Sepals are the outermost floral appendage.
      - Are modified leaves that surround maturing flower parts.
      - Protect the flower bud as it develops.
      - May be colorful.
      - All the sepals together are referred to as the calyx.
    - - Petals are located above the sepals on the receptacle.
      - Are leaf-like but contain pigments other than chlorophyll.
      - Attract pollinators.
      - Collectively are a corolla.
      - Sepals and petals collectively are a perianth.
      - Absent in wind-pollinated species.
    - - Megasporophyll
      - Carpels, collectively, are the gynoecium.
      - Stigma catches pollen grains.
      - Style elevates the stigma.
      - Ovary where megaspores are produced.
      - Within the ovary are placentae bearing small structures called ovules
      - After fertilization of the egg, ovules mature into seeds.
  - - - Color
        
        Some colors are more attractive than others
        
        Color requires resource
        
        Omit when unnecessary
        
        Some are in the uv spectrum
      - Major Traits
        
        Color
        
        Smell, organic volatiles
        
        Shape
        
        Bloom time
        
        Rewards, eg nectar
      - Scent
        
        Some colors are more attractive than others
        
        Color requires resource
        
        Omit when unnecessary
        
        Some are in the uv spectrum
      - Shape
        
        Floral symmetry
        
        Actinomorphic
        
        Radially symmetric
        
        eg sunflower
        
        Zygomorphic
        
        Irregular
        
        Bilateral
        
        eg pea
      - Blooming Type
        
        Diurnal
        
        Day time
        
        Nocturnal
        
        Night time
      - Rewards
        
        Nectar
        
        Pollen
        
        Oil
      - Types
        
        Major Syndromes
        
        Abiotic:
        
        Anemophily (wind)
        
        Anemophily
        
        Wind
        
        No bright colors, special odors, or nectar
        
        Small
        
        Most have no petals
        
        Stamens and stigmas exposed to air currents
        
        Large amount of pollen
        
        Pollen smooth, light, easily airborne
        
        Stigma feathery to catch pollen from wind
        
        Hydrophily (water)
        
        Hydrophily
        
        Water
        
        Copious pollen
        
        Small flowers
        
        Long filaments for pollen transport on surface
        
        Oblong, heavier pollen for submarine transport
        
        Biotic
        
        Melittophily (bee)
        
        Melittophily
        
        Bee
        
        Full of nectar
        
        Brightly colored with petals that are usually blue or yellow or a mixture of these (bees cannot see red) but can in UV
        
        Sweetly aromatic or have a minty fragrance
        
        Open in daytime
        
        Provide landing platforms
        
        Often bilaterally symmetrical (one side of the flower is a mirror image of the other)
        
        Flowers are often tubular with nectar at base of tube
        
        Psychophily (butterfly)
        
        Psychophily
        
        Butterfly
        
        In clusters and provide landing platforms
        
        Brightly colored (red, yellow, orange)
        
        Open during the day
        
        Ample nectar producers, with nectar deeply hidden
        
        Nectar guides present
        
        May be clusters of small flowers (goldenrods, Spirea)
        
        Phalenophily (moth)
        
        Phalaenophily
        
        Moth
        
        Many night pollinated species
        
        White
        
        Heavy scent
        
        Tubular corollas
        
        Myophily, sapromyophily (fly)
        
        Myophily
        
        Fly
        
        Pale and dull to dark brown or purple
        
        Sometimes flecked with translucent patches
        
        Putrid order, like rotting meat , carrion, dung, humus, sap and blood
        
        Nectar guides not present
        
        Produce pollen
        
        Flowers are funnel like or complex traps
        
        Saprophily, for carrion mimics
        
        Ornithophily (bird)
        
        Ornithophily
        
        Bird
        
        Tubular and have petals that are recurved to be out of the way
        
        Have tubes, funnels, cups
        
        Strong supports for perching
        
        Brightly colored: red, yellow, or orange
        
        Odorless (birds have a poor sense of smell)
        
        Open during the day
        
        Prolific nectar producers with nectar deeply hidden
        
        Modest pollen producers that are designed to dust the bird’s head/back with pollen as the bird forages for nectar
        
        Chiropterophily (bat)
        
        Chiropterophily
        
        Bat
        
        Open at night;
        
        Large in size (1 to 3.5 inches);
        
        Pale or white in color;
        
        Very fragrant, a fermenting or fruit-like odor; and/or
        
        Copious dilute nectar.
        
        Cantharophily (beetle)
        
        Cantharophily
        
        Beetle
        
        Bowl-shaped with sexual organs exposed
        
        White, to dull white or green
        
        Strongly fruity
        
        Open during the day
        
        Moderate nectar producers
        
        May be large solitary flowers (i.e. magnolias, pond lilies)
        
        May be clusters of small flowers (goldenrods, Spirea
        
        Deception
        
        May look like pollinator
        
        May smell like pollinator
        
        Uses trickery
        
        Usually no reward
        
        Saprophily included
  - - - Primary endosperm nucleus divides forming endosperm
      - Zygote develops in embryo
      - Integuments develop into a seed coat
      - Ovary wall and related structures develop into fruit
    - - Ovary sometimes with other portions of flower or inflorescence develops into a fruit
      - Ovary wall
      - Pericarp
      - Thickens and differentiations
      - Exocarp
      - Mesocarp
      - Endocarp
    - - Exocarp
      - Mesocarp
      - Endocarp
    - - Any fruit with accessory tissue
      - Tissue besides the ovary is included in the fruit
      - Can be simple, aggregate or multiple
    - - Fruit development
      - Without fertilization
      - Without seed development
      - Banana
      - Seedless watermelon
    - - Single carpel
      - 2+ united carpels
      - Examples
      - Bean
      - Cherry
      - Tomato
      - Major fleshy types
      - Berries
      - Drupes
      - Pomes
      - Major dry types
      - Dehiscent
      - Indehiscent
    - - Apocarpous gynoecium
      - Carpel retains its identify in mature state
      - Example
      - Magnolias
      - Raspberries
      - Strawberries
    - - Derived from an inflorescence
      - Combined gynoecia of many flowers
      - Example
      - Fig
      - Mulberry
      - Pineapple
  - - - Wind
        
        Wind
        
        Wings
        
        Parachutes
        
        Lightweight seeds
      - Water
        
        Water
        
        Large airspaces
        
        Example coconut
        
        Buoyant
      - Animal,Active
        
        Animal Active
        
        Fleshy
        
        Provide animal with nutrients
        
        Long-distance dispersal
        
        Seed pass through gut without harm
        
        Seeds are regurgitated later
        
        Ends up in a nice little pile of nutrient dense excrement
        
        Ants with elaiosome (lipid based nutrient rich)
      - Passive-Animal
        
        Passive-Animal
        
        Hooks
        
        Catch on fur
        
        Catch on hoof
        
        Velcro
      - Self
        
        Gravity
        Exploding
- - - - Seed ferns (extinct)
      - Gymnosperms
      - Progymnosperms (extinct)
      - Angiosperms
    - - Elkinsia polymorpha
      - 4-5 lobes fused basal third
      - ~360mya
    - - 8-10 lobes largely separated and ~360bya
    - - Complete enclosure of megasporangium within integument
      - Increased protection
      - Desiccation
      - Herbivory
      - Stamnostoma huttonense
      - 352 mya
      - Gnetopsiselliptica
    - - Evolved from shoot apex
      - Gymnosperm nucellus apex similar to shoot apex
      - Similar genes
      - The evolution of the seed took several innovations
    - - Heterospory
      - Protection
      - Integuments
      - Pollen capture
      - Pollen chamber
      - Micropyle
      - Nucellus
  - - - Heterospory
      - Megasporangium enclosed in integuments
        
        First integument telomes
        Second integument phyllad origin
      - Retention of megaspores w/in megasporangium
        
        Reduced megaspores with other 3 aborted
        
        Large megaspore retained inside megasporangium
        
        Extra layer of protection
      - Reduction # of megasporocytes/ megasporangium to 1
        
        Megasporocyte
        
        Megaspore mother cell
        
        Reduced to one per megasporangium rather than hundreds
      - Survival of 1 megaspore
        
        Megasporocyte undergoes meiosis
        
        4 resulting daughter cells
        
        3 megaspores degenerate
        
        1 megaspore remains
      - Endosporic megagametophyte
        
        Megagametophyte retained inside megaspore wall
        
        Fertilization of egg occurs in wall
        
        Extra layer of protection
      - Modification of megasporangium apex for microspores or microgametophytes
        
        Pollen chamber
        
        Through programmed cell death
        
        Micropyle
      - Embryo develop within megagametophyte
        
        Multicellular megagametophyte
        
        Egg retained
        
        After syngamy, embryo develops within
    - - Megaspores
      - Megagametophyte
      - Microspores
      - Microgametophyte
      - Found in some non-seed plants
  - - - Gametophyte dominant stage in early land plants
        Reduced over time
    - - Sperm development within antheridia
        Sperm rely on water for swimming to archegonia
    - - Microgametophyte
      - Dispersal no longer requires water
      - Exine prevents desiccation
      - Some with air bladders
      - Transport by wind
    - - Tubes feeding on nucellus
      - Provide nutrients to developing sperm
      - Can be a lengthy process from pollination to fertilization
    - - Direct delivery of sperm to the megagametophyte
      - Pollen tube
      - Directed by synergids
      - Feeds on nucellus (gymnosperm)
      - Feeds on style (angiosperm)
    - - Angiosperm, 3-celled
      - Tube cell
      - Generative cell
      - Microspore within microsporangium
      - Mitosis within microspore wall
      - Endosporic male gametophyte = pollen grain
  - - - Megasporangium is nutritious tissue = nucellus
      - Nested doll
      - Integument (1)
      - Megaspore wall
      - Megasporangium
      - Archegonium
      - Eggs
    - - Ovule on megasporophyll
      - 1 microsporocyte
      - Pollen chamber
      - Nesting doll
      - Integument
      - Nucellus
      - Megaspore wall
      - Megagametophyte
      - Archegonium
      - Egg
    - - 2 integuments
      - Megasporangium = nucellus
      - Megasporocyte reduced to one
      - Megaspore reduced to one and retained
      - Megagametophyte = egg sac
      - Furniculum
    - - 1 megasporocyte
      - 1 megaspore
      - 2 integuments
      - Embryo sac = megagametophyte
      - 8 nucleate
      - 3 antipodals
      - Sometimes nutritive
      - 2 polar
      - Becomes endosperm
      - 2 synergids
      - Guide pollen tube
      - 1 egg
      - Eventual zygote
    - - Both single megasporocyte
      - Both single megaspore
      - 1 integument, 2 integuments
      - Unique to Angiosperm
      - Additional protection from ovary wall
      - Double fertilization
  - - - Increased independence from free water reproduction
      - Enabled colonization of drier upland habitats
      - Enabling advanced reproductive traits
      - Pollination drops
      - Embryo dormancy increase chance of offspring survival
    - - Pine example
      - Some with fleshy outer layer (aril)
      - Several cotyledons
      - Integument becomes seed coat
    - - Pollen tube grows down style
      - Generative cell divides into 2 sperm
      - Pollen tube ruptures inside synergid releasing sperm
      - One sperm fuses with egg
      - 2n diploid
      - Zygote
      - One sperm fuses with polar nuclei
      - 3n triploid
      - Endosperm
    - - One cotyledon = scutellum
      - Large amount of endosperm
      - Corn example
      - Integuments become seed coat
    - - 2 cotyledons
      - Large amount of endosperm
      - Integuments become seed coat
      - Bean example