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Unit 1 :check: Earth’s systems - Coggle Diagram
Unit 1 :check: Earth’s systems
Geosphere
Definition
Solid part of the Earth, from core to surface.
Includes
Rocks
Volcanoes
Minerals
Coal
Oil
Layers
Core
Outer Core
Inner Core
Mantle
Lower Mantle
Upper Mantle
Crust
Continental Crust
Oceanic Crust
Global Warming
Polar ice caps melting
Leads to
Increased sea level
Leads to
Changes equilibrium between plate tectonics
Leads to
Increase or decrease height of continents
Shift in plate tectonics
Glaciers Retreat
Leads to
Moving rocks and soil
Less surface area of the ice sheet
Atmosphere
Definition
It is blanket of air which surrounds the Earth.
Composition
78% nitrogen
21% oxygen
1% other gases (such as argon, carbon dioxide and neon).
Layers
Thermosphere
Outermost layer of the atmosphere, blocks much of the harmful cosmic radiation.
Mesosphere
Decrease air temperature. Heats up meteors
Stratosphere
Increase in temperature with altitude. Contains Ozone and protects us from UV rays.
ENERGY BALANCE: Where some energy are absorbed and is bounced back to atmosphere.
deflects half of sun's energy back to space.
Troposphere
lowest layer of the atmosphere. Decreasing temperature with increasing altitude. Weathering occurs.
Exosphere
Outer space. particles of hydrogen and helium.
Hydrologic Cycle
Transpiration - Evaporation - Condensation - Precipitation - Snowmelt Runoff - Surface Runoff
WEATHER
Temperature
Heat is form of energy. Shirt waves are not absorbed readily clouds what over passes through is absorbed by land/water.
Humidity
Expresses amount of water vapor in the air.
Clouds
Duct + water vapor. Air may cool to its dew point and forms clouds. (may form due to moisture)
Wind
A flow of gases in a large scale; related in density and air masses which explains low pressure (rotates counter clockwise) and high pressure(rotates clockwise).
Land Breeze (clockwise)
Sea is warmer and land is cooler (night).
Sea Breeze (counter clockwise)
land is warmer and sea is cooler (day).
Upslope Winds
Warm air develops develops along slopes. Warm air rises.
Downslope Winds
Cool air goes down(night)
Weathering
Disintegration of rocks and minerals
Physical Weathering
expansion of rock fractures
Wedging
due to
plant roots
freeze/thaw
erosion
overlying rocks
Pressure release fractures
forms
Exfoliation Domes
Types
Gully Erosion
Water moves as Channels down the slop and take away the soil forming gullies
Sheet Erosion
The uniform removal of soil in thin layers based on blowing wind.
Wind Erosion
Winds carry away vast quantity of fine soil particles and sand from desserts
Rill Erosion
The most common type of soil erosion, and frequent during heavy rain. It takes place through several narrow channels called streamlets.
Decomposition of rocks and minerals
Chemical Weathering
water dissolves minerals
Dissolution
forms
Caves in limestone
water reacts with minerals
Hydrolysis
faster with more
Hydrogen ions
oxygen reacts with minerals
Oxidation
example
Rust
Climate
Definition
the average measurements of temperature, wind, humidity, snow, and rain in a place over the course of years. Climate is like the weather, but over a long time.
Types
dry
cold
polar
tropical
mild
Subcategories
rain forest
desert
tundra
savanna
steppe
Zones
Semiarid
Desert (arid)
Tropical wet and dry
Mediterranean
Tropical wet
Humid subtropical
Marine West Coast
Humid continental
Subarctic
Tundra
Icecap
Highland
Hydrosphere
Contains
Surface Water
Rivers
Lakes
Oceans
Currents
Warm Ocean currents:
large masses of warm water. It is moving further away from the equator with higher temperatures.
Cold Ocean currents:
large masses of cold water that move towards the equator. It moves from a level of high altitude to a lower altitude.
Equatorial currents:
ocean currents flow from the equatorial province. It flows westward near the equator.
Surface of Ocean currents:
When an ocean current flows from a warmer region to a cold region, it flows relatively through the upper part of the seawater.
Deep ocean currents:
It generally happens in high-altitude regions. Here the ocean current flows from the cold region to the warm region through the lower part of the seawater.
Creeks
Ground Water
Atmosphere
Water Vapor
Frozen Water
Caps
Glaciers
Definition
The total amount of water on a planet.
Water Cycle
Condensation
Water vapor changes to water in clouds
Precipitation
Water falls from the clouds to Earth
Rain, hail, sleet, or snow
Evaporation
Water changes to water vapor
Collection
Collects in rivers, lakes, and oceans
Soaks in Earth
Water in nature
Fresh Water
3% of the water on Earth
About 70% is frozen in the form of glacial ice.
Salt Water
States
Solid
Gas
Liquid
Biosphere
Definition
It is "life zone" of the Earth.
Includes
All Living Organisms
Plants
Animals
Microorganisms
Carry Out 7 Life Processes
Reproduction
Respiration
Growth
Sensitivity
Nutrition
Movements
Excreation
All Organic Matter
Components
Hydrosphere
Atmosphere
Lithosphere
Provides
Requirements for life
Water
Gases
Soil
Energy
Favourable Temperatures
Biodiversity
variety of species and life
identified by
Evolution
Natural Selection
Artificial Selection
Taxonomy
threatened
due to
introduced species
overexploitation
extinction
climate change
important
because of impact on
economic resources
climate
Earth`s system science
Defintion
It is the study of how the four spheres interact continually, each affecting the others.
System Interactions
Geosphere
:lock: Earthquakes
Atmosphere
Cause fires which release gases into the air
Hydrosphere
May cause a tsunami in ocean
Biosphere
Can damage buildings which may kill people
Atmosphere
:lock: Hurricanes
Geosphere
Sweep onto the land
Biosphere
Damaging the dwellings of people
Hydrosphere
Sweep across the ocean
Geosphere
:lock: Volcanoes
Atmosphere
Sending ash and gases into air
Biosphere
Sending lava and ash down onto surrounding forests and human habitats.
Ecosystem
Factors
Biotic
Living Things
Plants
Microorganisms
Animals
Abiotic
sunlight
water
temperature
soil
humidity
mineral nutrients
Interaction
Predation, Parasitism
one species benefits, one is disadvantaged
Competition
each species affected negatively
Mutualism
both species benefit from interaction
Commensalism
one species benefits, one unaffected
Food Chain
Consumers
Herbivores
eat plants
Omnivores
eat plants and meat
Carnivores
eat meat
get their energy from producers.
do not produce anything
Decomposers
carry out the process of decomposition
Invertebrates
Insects
Worms
Bacteria
Fungi
Saprotrophs
Producers
generates food for themselves and others.
Baseline part of food chain.
Prey
animals eaten by other animals
Predator
They are an important part of a healthy ecosystem. They remove vulnerable prey, such as old, injured, sick.
Types
Aquatic
Ocean
Coastal
Rivers
Lakes
Terrestrial
Forest
Deserts
Mountains
Grasslands
Maps
Thematic map
is a map that is designed to show information about a single topic e.g. climate zones or populations. It does not usually show political or physical features.
Topographical maps
show the shape of the land. Contour lines show the height of land. Where the lines are close together, the relief of the land is very steep.
Types
chorographic maps
cover large regions
thematic maps
focus on specific topics
planimetric maps
do not show elevations
Physical maps
show the physical features of an area such as major rivers and lakes, relief (shape) of the land, deserts and landforms, such as volcanoes.
Nautical maps
are sometimes called navigation maps and are used by ships to safely navigate through natural and man-made obstacles above and below the seas.
Political Maps
can show countries, country boundaries, cities, seas and oceans. They usually don't show physical features.
Road maps
come in many different forms and show the layout of roads and motorways so that people can plan driving routes. Paper-based road maps are less popular now that many people use satellite navigation devices.
Geographic Maps
general geographic information about an area, including the locations of cities, boundaries, roads, mountains, rivers, and coastlines