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EXAM IV - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Pericap
      - Thickens and differentiations
        
        Mesocarp
        
        Endocarp
        
        Exocarp
        
        Accessory fruits
        
        Tissue besides the ovary is included in the fruit
        
        Can be simple, aggregate or multiple
        
        Simple fruit
        
        Examples
        
        Cherry
        
        Tomato
        
        Bean
        
        Major fleshy types
        
        Berries
        
        Drupes
        
        Pomes
        
        2+ united carpels
        
        Major dry types
        
        Dehiscent
        
        Indehiscent
        
        Single carpel
        
        Aggregate fruits
        
        Carpel retains its identity in mature state
        
        EXs
        
        Raspberries
        
        Strawberries
        
        Magnolias
        
        Apocarpous gynoecium
        
        Multiple fruit
        
        Combined gynoecia of many flowers
        
        EXs
        
        Mulberry
        
        Pineapple
        
        Fig
        
        Derived from an inflorescence
        
        Any fruit with accessory tissue
        
        Parthenocarpic fruits
        
        Banana
        
        Seedless watermelon
        
        Fruit development
        
        Without fertilization
        
        Without seed development
  - - - Water
        
        Large airspaces
        
        Coconut
        
        Buoyant
      - Animal
        
        Active
        
        Long-distance dispersal
        
        seed pass through gut without hard=m
        
        Provide animal with nutrients
        
        Seeds are regurgitates later
        
        Fleshy
        
        Ends up in a nice little pile of nutrient dense excrement
        
        Ants with elaisome (lipid based nutrient rich)
        
        Passive
        
        Catch on fur
        
        Catch on hoof
        
        Hooks
        
        Velcro
      - Wind
        
        Parachutes
        
        Lightweight seeds
        
        Wings
      - Self
        
        Gravity
        
        Exploding
- - - - Gymnosperms
        
        Progymnosperms (extinct)
      - Angiosperms
      - Seed ferns (extinct)
      - Earliest seed
        
        Late Devonian (W. Viginia)
        
        Primitive Ovule
        
        Lobate integuments
        
        Free from nucellus/megasporangium
        
        Moresnetia zelesskyi
        
        8-10 lobes fused at chalaza and widely sperated
        
        Enclosed ovule
        
        Increased protection
        
        Dessication
        
        Complete enclosure of megasporangium within entegument
        
        Herbivory
        
        Ovule Evolution
        
        Gymnosperm nucellus apex similar to shoot apex
        
        Similar genes
        
        Evolved from shoot apex
        
        Innovations
        
        Protection
        
        1 more item...
        
        Pollen capture
        
        2 more items...
        
        Heterospory
        
        Nucellus
        
        Elkinsia polymorpha
        
        4 - 5 lobes fused basal thrid
  - - - Reduction # of megasporocytes/megasporangium to 1
        
        Megasporocyte
        
        Megaspore mother cell
        
        Reduced to one per megasporangium rather than hundreds
      - Survival of 1 megaspore
        
        4 resulting daughter cells
        
        3 megaspores degenerate
        
        Megasporocyte undergoes meiosis
        
        1 megaspore remains
      - Retention of megaspores within megasporangium
        
        Large megaspore retained inside megasporangium
        
        Extra layer of protection
        
        Reduced megaspores with other 3 aborted
      - Endosporic megagametophyte
        
        Fertilization of egg occurs in wall
        
        Extra layer of protection
        
        Megagametophyte retained inside megaspore wall
      - Megasporangium enclosed in integuments
        
        First integument telomes
        
        Second integument phyllad origin
      - Modification of megasporangium apex for microspores or microgametophytes
        
        Pollen chamber
        
        Through programmed cell death
        
        Micropyle
      - Heterospory
        
        Microspores
        
        Microgametophyte
        
        Found in some non-seed plants
        
        Megaspores
        
        Megagametophyte
      - Embryo develops within megagametophyte
        
        Egg retained
        
        After syngamy, embryo develops within
        
        Multicellular megagametophyte
  - - - Sperm development
      - Flagellated sperm rely on water for swimming to archegonia
    - - Dispersal no longer requires water
      - Exine prevents dessication
      - Microgametophyte
      - Some with air bladders (wind transport) #
      - Haustoria pollen tubes
        
        Provides nutrients to developing sperm
        
        Can be lengthy process from pollination to fertilization
        
        Tubes feeding on nucellus
        
        Direct delivery
        
        Pollen tube
        
        Feeds on nucellus (gymnosperm)
        
        Directed by synergids
        
        Feeds on style (angiosperm)
        
        Reduced
        
        Microspore in microsporangium
        
        Mitosis with microsporangium
        
        Angiosperm (Tube cell, Generative cell)
        
        Endosporic male gametophyte = pollen grain
        
        Direct delivery of sperm to megagametophyte
  - - - Megaspore wall
      - Megasporangium
      - Integument (1)
      - Archegonium
      - Nested doll
      - Eggs
      - Megasporangium is nutritious tissue = nucellus
      - Pine ovule
        
        1 Microsporocyte
        
        Pollen chamber
        
        Ovule on megasporophyll
        
        Nesting doll
        
        Megaspore wall
        
        Megagametophyte
        
        Nucellus
        
        Archegonium
        
        Integuments
        
        Egg
        
        Angiosperm Ovule
        
        Megasporocyte reduced to one
        
        Megaspore reduced to one and retained
        
        Megasporangium = nucellus
        
        Megagametophyte = egg sac
        
        2 integuments
        
        Furniculum
  - - - Enabled colonization of drier upland habitats
      - Enabling advanced reproductive traits (pollination drops)
      - Increased independence from free water reproduction
      - Embryo Dormancy increased chance of offspring survival
      - Gymnosperm
        
        Some with fleshy outer layer (the aril)
        
        Several cotyledons
        
        Pine example
        
        Integuments becomes seed coat
- - - - Multiple whorls of petals
      - Androecium
        
        2+ whorls of anthers
      - Radially Symmetric
      - Bisexual
      - Gynoecium
        
        5+ carpels
      - Based on molecular data
      - First flower fossil
        
        Likely aquatic
        
        Less than 124.6 bya
        
        Likely herbaceous
        
        General Trends
        
        Floral axis shortened
        
        Original spiral arrange no longer evident
        
        Floral parts often fused
        
        Ovary superior --> inferior
        
        Perianth has become differentiated in distinct calyx and corolla
        
        Flowers indefinite in number of parts; Few definite parts
        
        Radial symmetry --> irregularity
  - - - Complete flowers have all four floral appendages
        
        Petals; white #
        
        Attract pollinators
        
        Collectively are a corolla
        
        Are leaf-like but contain pigments other than chlorophyll
        
        Sepals and petals collectively are a perianth
        
        Petals are located above the sepals on the receptacle
        
        Absent in wind-pollinated species
        
        Stamens; male fx
        
        Two parts: anther and its supporting filament
        
        Diploid anther cells (microsporocytes) undergo meiosis = four spores
        
        Are collectively the androecium
        
        Microspores: Undergo mitosis and form a resistant wall
        
        Stamens occur above the petals
        
        Microgametophytes = pollen grains
        
        Sepals; sterile #
        
        Protect the flower bud as it develops
        
        May be colorful
        
        Are modified leaves that surround maturing flower parts
        
        All the sepals together are referred to as the calyx
        
        Sepals are the outermost floral appendage
        
        Carpels; Female fx
        
        Megasporophyll
        
        Carpels, collectively, are the gynoecium
        
        Stigma catches pollen grains
        
        Style elevates the stigma
        
        Ovary where megaspores are produced
        
        Within the ovary the placentae bearing small structures called ovules
        
        After fertilization of the egg, ovules mature into seeds
        
        Perianth
      - Incomplete flowers lack at least one appendage
      - A flower is a stem with leaf-like structures
  - - - Whorls inserted relative to ovary
        
        Superior: Carpel above
        
        Inferior: Receptacle surrounds carpel, and carpel is below
      - Perianth & stamen insertion
        
        Epigynous: Perianth & stamens on receptacle on top of ovary
        
        Perigynous: Perianth & stamens adnate to calyx
        
        Hypogynous: Perianth & stamens on receptacle beneath ovary
    - - Hermaphroditic = perfect
      - Monoecious: Male & female flowers on same plant
      - Lacking a whorl of sexual organs
      - Dioecious: Male (androecious) or female (gynoecious)
      - Display variation
        
        Taxonomic importance
        
        Various ways to ensure cross polination
        
        Inflorescence
  - - - Shape
        
        Actinomorphic
        
        Radially symmetric
        
        Sunflower
        
        Zygomorphic
        
        Bilateral
        
        Pea
        
        Irregular
        
        Floral symmetry
      - Bloom Time
        
        Diurnal (Day)
        
        Nocturnal (Night)
      - Smell, organic volatiles #
        
        Sometimes use own preferences and sexual pheremones
        
        Common chemicals
        
        Linalool (Lavendar)
        
        Limonene (Citrus)
        
        Benzaldehyde (Almond)
        
        Beta Ocimene (Green)
        
        Signal to pollinators
        
        May have scent glands (Roses)
      - Rewards
        
        Pollen
        
        Oil
        
        Nectar
      - Color
        
        Color requires resources (Omit when unnecessary)
        
        Some colors are more attractive than others
        
        Some are in the UV spectrum
    - - Abiotic
        
        Anemophily (Wind)
        
        Stamens and stigmas exposed to air
        
        Large amount of pollen
        
        Most have no petals
        
        Pollen is smooth, and easily airborne
        
        No bright colors, odor, or nectar; small
        
        Stigma is feathery to catch pollen from wind
        
        Hydrophily (Water)
        
        Copious pollen
        
        Small flowers
        
        Long filaments dor pollen transport
        
        Oblong, heavier pollen for submarine transport
      - Biotic
        
        Phalenophily (Moth)
        
        Heavy scent
        
        White
        
        Tubular corollas
        
        Many night pollinated species
        
        Myophily, Sapromophily (Fly)
        
        Putrid odor
        
        Nectar guides not present; produces pollen
        
        Flecked with translucent patches
        
        Flowers are funnel like
        
        Pale to dark brown or purple
        
        Psychophily (Butterfly)
        
        Open in day
        
        Ample nectar producers; hidden; Nectar guides present
        
        In clusters
        
        May be clusters of small flowers
        
        Ornithophily (Bird)
        
        Bright colors
        
        Odorless
        
        Strong supports for perching
        
        Open during day
        
        Tubular
        
        Prolific nectar producers' Modest pollen produces
        
        Chiropterophily (Bat)
        
        Pale or white
        
        Very fragrant
        
        Large in size
        
        Copious dilute nectar
        
        Open at night
        
        Cantharophily (Beetle)
        
        Strongly fruity
        
        Open during day
        
        White to dull white or green
        
        Moderate nectar producers; May be large solitary flowers or in clusters of small flowers
        
        bowl-shaped with sexual organs exposed
        
        Melittophily (Bee)
        
        Smells sweet
        
        Open in daytime
        
        Bright colors
        
        Bilaterally symmetrical, flowers tubular
        
        Full of nectar