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Unit 3: Sensation & Perception - Coggle Diagram
Unit 3: Sensation & Perception
preception
how you interpret what you sense
psychological process
attention
selective attention
consciously focusing on certain stimuli
selective inattention
the things we miss becuase our attention is focused elsewhere
inattentive blindness
literally not seeing things becuase were not paying attention to them
change blindness
not perceiving/recognizing a change right in front of you
perceptual set
mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another
influenced by expectations, motivation, context, emotions
perceptual organization
gestalt principles
idea that we process objects and things as an organized whole
figure & ground
organization of visual field unto objects that stand out from surroundings
grouping
continuity
perceive smooth congruous patterns rather than fragmented ones
proximity
group bearvt figures together
perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups
closure
fill gaps visual gaps to create a more whole/composed object
depth perception
ability to see objects in 3D
allows perception of distance
inherent
retinal disparity
binocular clue
helps with depth perception
brain compares info from both eyes and computes distance between the 2
phi phenomenon
illusion of movement created web 2 ore mire adjacent lights blink on and off in quick sucession
constancy
perceptual constancy
perceiving familiar objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images change
color constancy
percieveuf familiar objects as having the sane color even if the color is changing due to illumination
chape constancy
continuously perceiving an object as ice sago even as the visual cues for it alter
perceptual adaptation
ability to adjust to changed sensory input
including artificially displaced or inverted visual fields
sensation
process by which our sensory reception and nervous system receive and represent energies from our enviornment
thresholds and detection
signal detection theory
individual absolute thresholds vary depending on a persons experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness
what psychological state we are in
stimuli
subliminal stimuli
stimuli you can't pick up
the stimuli still exists! it is just not strong enough to recognize and respond to
sensory adaptation
loss of sensitivity to a stimuli after constant exposure
absolute threshold
minimum amount of stimulation needed to detect a stimuli 50% of the time
studied by
gustav fechner
difference threshold
minimum difference between 2 stimuli required for detection 50% of the time
"just noticeable difference"
studied by
ernst weber
webers law
to tell the difference between degrees of stimuli, there must be a minimum percentage difference
the senses
sight
see light waves
color is not inherent in objects
frequency of light waves determines color
aptitude determines the brightness
brighter = high amp
dimmer = low amp
eye structures
cornea
clear protective out layer
covers pupil & iris
bends light
pupil
adjustable opening in center of eye
light passes through
iris
ring of muscle that contracts too control amount of light coming in
colored part
lens
transparent structure behind pupil
accommodation
process where lens changes curvature and thickness to focus rays of light/image
retina
where transduction occurs
processes sensory energy waves into electrical impulse that gets sent to visual cortex
composed of 3 layers
photoreceptors (rods & cones)
rods
detect back and white
sensitive to movement
necessary for peripheral twighlight vision
cones
concentrated near center of retina
function in daylight and well lit conditions
detect fine detail and color sensations
bipolar cells
ganglion cells
optic nerve
nerve that carries neural impulses from eye to brain through ganglion fibers
creates blind spot where nerve leaves the eye becuase there are no rods/cones located in that spot
fovea
central focal point on retina
cones cluster around it
color processing occurs in 2 stages
retinas red, green, blue cones respond in varying degrees to different color stimuli (suggested by young-hemholtz)
young-hemholtz trichromatic color theory
retina contains 3 different types of color receptors: red, green, blue, produce any color when stimulated in tandmem
cones responses processed by opponent process cells (suggested by opponent process)
opponent process theory
opposing retinal processes enable color vision
red - green
blue - yellow
white - black
feature detection
david hubel
&
torsten weisel
showed visual processing deconstructs and reconstructs visual images
feature detectors
nerve cells in occipital lobes visual cortex that respond to specific features of stimulus --> shape, angle, movement
parallel prrocessing
processing many parts of a problem simultaneously
brains natural mode of information processing for many functions including vision
key brain structure
occipital lobes
hearing
sound is physical
comes in sound waves
high frequency = high pitch
low frequency = low pitch
high amp = loud
low amp = quiet
sound localization is ability to locate where sound is coming from: distance + direction
parts of the ear
outer
pinea
gathers sound waves from environment
outside cartiledgy part, actual ear we can see
auditory canal
short tunnel
carries sound waves that strike tympanic membrane
middle
tympanic membrane
vibrates when sound waves hit
ossicles
amplify vibration
inner
cochlea
where transaction occurs
(cilia)
contains cilia, auditory receptor hairs
auditory nerve
routes auditory messages to temporal lobe
hearing loss
sensorineural
caused by by damage to the cochleas receptor cells or the audiotry nerve
most common
can be treated with cochlear implant (only if brain already learned to hear as a child)
conductive
due to mechanical systems that conduct sound waves to the cochlea
theories
place theory
links pitch we hear with the place on the cochleas membrane that is stimulated
doesnt explain why we can hear high pitch
frequency theory
auditory nerve fires 20-20k times per sec
rate of nerve impulse traveling up auditory nerve matches frequency of tone
key brain structure
temporal lobes
brain allocates more space to seeing and hearing
touch
misxture of pressure, pain, warmth, and coldness
pain
provides warning
enhances self awareness
bio-physical experience
nocireceptors are pain receptors in skin
gate control theory
spinal chord contusion neurological "gate" that blocks/allows Latin signals going to the brain
gate opened by activity of pain signals traveling up nerve fibers
gate closed by activity in large fibers or information coming from the brain
transduction occurs in touch receptors in the skin
key brain structure
somatosensory cortex
taste
5 sensations
umami
sweet
salty
sour
bitter
chemical sense
taste receptors regenerate every 1-2 weeks
transduction occurs in taste receptors in the mouth (tongue)
smell
transduction occurs in nasal cavity
smells associated with memories and places
aka olfaction
receptors located in nasal cavity neurons
key brain structure
olfactory bulb
body position & movment
kinesthsia
any change in position of a body part
interacts with vision
transduction occurs in kinesthetic sensors in joints, muscles, and tendons
key brain feature: cerebellum
vestibular
movement of fluids in inner ear caused by head/body movement
transduction occurs in the ears semicircular canals & vestibular sacs
color is perception