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Changes of Aging - Coggle Diagram
Changes of Aging
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Cardiovascular System
Congestive Heart Failure
Changes to the structure of the heart causing inefficiency in the ability of the heart to pump blood. This can be caused by reduced contractility resulting in reduced cardiac output which can become insufficient in meeting the needs of the peripheral vascular system. Preload is increased which can result in pulmonary congestion and dyspnea. Afterload is also increased further reducing cardiac output. Heart rate is then increased to compensate for the reduced cardiac output. Due to the decreased cardiac output the balance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand is thrown off.
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Gastrointestinal System
Age Related Changes
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Decreased stomach motility, hunger, contractions, and emptying time
Decreased production of hydrochloric acid, pepsin, lipase, and pancreatic enzymes
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Diverticulitis
Diverticulitis often develops from obstruction or trauma to the diverticulum which causes infection, ischemia, and microperforation. Alterations of the gut microbiome and function can cause defects in the mucosal barrier and immune function causing mucosal inflammation.
Urinary System
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Urinary Tract Infection
Urinary tract infections are caused by urinary epithelium cells being invaded with bacterium causing inflammation and irritation. The infection can originate in the urethra and then travel further into the urinary tract. The infection can go from the urethra, to the bladder, then to the ureters and kidneys. Women can be more susceptible to UTIs due to the shorter length of their urethra.
Reproductive System
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WOMEN
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Perineal Herniation
If damage from injury, illness, pregnancy or pelvic floor surgery occurs to the muscle in the pelvic floor it can cause the tissue to stretch and weaken. This weakening can cause the intraperitoneal or extraperitoneal contents to begin to move down and protrude into the perineum.
Musculoskeletal System
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Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis results from osteoblastic bone formation occurring slower than osteoclastic bone resorption. This process results in bones becoming weak and fragile which increases the risk of fractures. This is very common in postmenopausal women due to decreased estrogen levels.
Nervous System
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Alzheimer's Disease
The main characteristics of Alzheimer’s disease is the development of amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles and inflammation. As the disease progresses brain cells die and atrophy of the brain develops. These elements affect neurons and brain circuits causing progressive memory loss, behavior changes, and thought process changes.
Integumentary System
Atopic Dermatitis
Some common components of atopic dermatitis is epidermal barrier disruption and dysregulation of the immune system. Initial impairment of the skin barrier leads to skin inflammation. Abnormalities in the epidermal lipid layer further allow allergen and microbial penetration into the skin. These factors cause dryness, pruritus, rash, and sensitive skin.
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Endocrine System
Age Related Changes
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Decreases in hormone levels such as TSH, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and luteotropic hormone.
Decreased levels of estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone
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Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Caused by defective insulin secretion by pancreatic beta-cells and a decreased sensitivity to insulin. These changes cause hyperglycemia, insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion. If diabetes goes untreated it can cause a build up of glucose in the blood causing heart disease, nerve damage, and kidney damage.
Sensory Organs
Age Related Changes
Sight: More opaque lens, decreased pupil size, more spherical cornea - presbyopia
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Hearing: Atrophy of hair cells of organ of Corti, tympanic membrane sclerosis and atrophy, increased cerumen and concentration of keratin - presbycusis