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Historical Background of INDIAN CONSTITUTION by ATRISHEKHAR ! …

- - - - The act known as the Act for the Good Government of India,
        (i.e responsible/answerable govt)
        
        abolished the East India Company, and transferred the powers of Government, territories and revenues to the British Crown
        
        It changed the designation
        of the Governor-General of India to that of Viceroy of India.
        
        Lord Canning, thus, became the first Viceroy
        of India
        
        bcoz Viceroy direct reporting to queen
        
        The Viceroy and the Governors of the various presidencies were appointed by the Crown.
        
        It ended the system of double Government by abolishing the
        Board of Control and Court of Directors.
        
        Queen Victoria became THE MONARCH of the sovereign of British territories in India, with the title “Empress of India” as a result of this Act. Now onwards, Indian territories of Britain were to be governed in the name of the British Queen
        
        created a new office, Secretary of State for India, vested with complete authority and control over Indian administration.
        
        The secretary of state was a member of the British Cabinet and was responsible ultimately to the British
        Parliament
        
        Stanley was selected the First Secretary of State for India
        
        It established a 15-member council of India to assist(as an advisory body) the
        Secretary of State for India (SOS as chairman)
        
        Secretary of State-in Council as a body corporate, capable of suing and being sued in India and in
        England
      - The Act of 1858 was, however, largely confined to the government overhauling
        
        Government was to be supervised and controlled in England.
        
        it did not alter in any substantial way the system of Government that prevailed in India
      - Provisions were made for Indians also to be admitted to the Indian civil service.
      - It was decided that the remaining Indian princes and chiefs would have their independent status provided they accept British suzerainty.
      - GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE
        
        British Parliament
        
        Secretary of State
        
        Viceroy of India
        
        Governors or Lieutenant Governor
        
        Used to mange administration at the provincial level. And Lieutenant also aided by his executive councils
        
        All the authority for the governance in India (civil, military, executive & legislative) was vested in Governor General in Councils
        
        Directly responsible to the British Parliament
    - - increased the number of additional (non-official) members in the Central and provincial legislative councils
        
        but
        maintained the official majority in them.
      - Alowed LEG CO to discuss budget & adress ques to Executive
      - nomination of some non-official members
        of the
        
        ‘The act made a limited and indirect provision for the use ofelection in filling up some of the non-official seats both in the Central and provincial legislative councils. The word “election”
        was, however, not used in the Act.
        
        (a) Central Legislative Council by the viceroy on the
        recommendation of the provincial legislative councils and the Bengal Chamber of Commerce,
        
        (b) that of the provincial
        legislative councils by the Governors on the recommendation of the district boards, municipalities,
        universities, trade associations, zamin-dars and chambers.
      - DEMANDS OF INDIAN NATIONATIONAL CONGRESS,
        
        Reform in Legislative Councils
        
        The principle of election instead of nomination
        
        Right to hold discussions on financial matters
        
        Simultaneous ICS examination in England and India
        
        Opposition to Upper Burma's annexation.
        
        Military spending should be reduced
      - IMPORTANCE OF THE ACT
        
        ▪ It was the first step towards the beginning of the Parliamentary system.
        
        ▪ Members were allowed to debate on budget but barred from asking follow-up questions.
        
        ▪ The size of the Legislatures both at the Centre and in the provinces was enlarged.
    - - restoring the
        legislative powers to the Bombay and Madras Presidencies
        (resulted in the grant of almost complete internal autonomy to
        the provinces in 1937) ie-started decentralisation
        
        establishment of new legislative
        councils for Bengal(1862), North-Western Provinces(1886) and Punjab(1897),
        
        Centralization that was started through Regulating Act of 1773 but this act reversed the trend.
      - Viceroy should nominate some Indians as
        non-official members of his expanded council
        
        Raja of Benaras,
        
        the Maharaja of
        Patiala and
        
        Sir Dinkar Rao
        
        Viceroy to make rules and orders for the
        more convenient transaction of business in the council
        
        gave a recognition to the ‘portfolio’ system, introduced
        by Lord Canning in 1859.
        
        Under this, a member of the
        Viceroy’s council was made in-charge of one or more departments of the Government and was authorised to issue final orders
        
        empowered the Viceroy to issue ordinances, without the
        concurrence of the legislative council, during an emergency.(6 months)
      - Centralization of power reached its zenith till Charter Act of 1833. Soon, after the 'Revolt of 1857', British Parliament passed 'Government of India Act' 1858 and beginning of decentralization of power started as to end the company rule.
        
        Under the crown rule it was merely possible to establish a government in India without Indian participation. It was a need for the Britishers to get cooperation of the Indians in the administration.
        
        So, the British Parliament passed three acts in 1861, 1892 and 1909 respectively.
      - Formation of representative institution-
        
        It made a beginning of representative institutions by associating Indians with law- making
        
        The act provided for expansion of Executive Council
        
        The number of its member was raised from 4 to 5
        
        The nomenclature was changed to Imperial Legislative Councils.
        
        The GG had the right of increasing the strength of the council by adding not less than 6 and not more than 12 members.
        
        Viceroy nominated some Indians as non-official members of his expanded council
      - SOME OTHER CHANGES
        
        As per the Act, there was no distinction between the central and provincial subjects
        
        The Central government dealt with the subjects like public debt, finance, post office, Telegraph etc.
        
        The act authorised GG to divide and alter the limits of any presidency, provinces or territory.
        
        According to the act, GG had the power to appoint lieutenant governors.
    - - considerably increased the size of the legislative councils,both Central and provincial.
        
        It enlarged the deliberative functions of the legislative
        councils at both the levels.
        
        allowed to ask supplementary questions, move resolutions
        on the budget and so on
        
        Satyendra Prasad Sinha became the first Indian to join the Viceroy’s executive council.(as the law member)
        
        Central legislative council was raised from 16 to 60
        
        retained official majority in the Central legislative council
        
        Ex officio members: Governor-General and members of the executive council.
        
        Nominated non-official members: nominated by the Governor-General
        
        Elected members: elected by different categories of Indians.
        
        Numbers in provincial legislative councils was not uniform.
        
        allowed the provincial legislative councils to have non-official majority
        
        Legislative Councils of Punjab, Burma and Assam – 30 members each
        
        Legislative Councils of Bengal, Madras,
        Bombay and United Provinces: 50 eachs
      - Also known as Morley-Minto Reforms
        
        Lord Morley was
        the then Secretary of State
        
        Lord Minto was the then
        Viceroy
      - introduced a system of communal representation for
        Muslims by accepting the concept of ‘separate electorate
        
        Thus, the Act ‘legalised communalism’ and
        Lord Minto came to be known as the Father of Communal electorate
        
        separate representation of
        presidency corporations, chambers of commerce,universities and zamindars.
      - Government of India Act of 1919
        
        also known as Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms
        
        Montagu was the Secretary of State
        
        Lord Chelmsford was the Viceroy
        
        ‘dyarchy’ द्वैध शासन
        
        Relaxed the central control over the provinces BUT, the structure of government continued to be centralised and unitary
        
        PROVICIAL SUBJECTS(LIST)
        
        reserved subjects
        
        to be administered by the Governor
        and his executive council without being responsible to the legislative council
        
        transferred subjects
        
        administered by the Governor with the aid of Ministers responsible to the legislative council
        
        CENTRAL SUBJECTS(LIST)
        
        introduced, for the first time, bicameralism and direct
        elections in the country
        
        Upper House (Council of State)
        
        Lower House
        (Legislative Assembly)
        
        The majority of members of both the
        Houses were chosen by direct election
        
        It provided for the appointment of a statutory commission to
        inquire into and report on its working after ten years of its
        
        Simon Commission
        1927(2 years before the schedule)
        
        appointment of a 7-member(all British) statutory commission - chairman -SirJohn Simon
        
        submitted its report in 1930
        
        recommended
        
        continuation of communal electorate
        
        extension of responsible Government in the provinces,
        
        the abolition of dyarchy
        
        establishment of a federation of British India and princely states
        
        British convened
        3 round table conferences of the representatives from
        
        British
        Government,
        
        British India and
        
        Indian princely states.
        
        a ‘White Paper on Consitutional Reforms’
        was prepared and submitted for the consideration of the Joint Select Committee of the British Parliament
        
        The recommendations
        of this committee were incorporated (with certain changes) in the next Government of India Act of 1935.
        
        All the members of the commission were British and hence, all the
        parties boycotted the commission
        
        Communal Award
        
        August 1932, Ramsay MacDonald, the British Prime Minister,
        announced a scheme of representation of the minorities,
        
        continued separate electorates for the Muslims, Sikhs, Indian
        Christians, Anglo-Indians and Europeans
        
        also extended it to
        the depressed classes (Scheduled Castes).
        
        Gandhiji was
        distressed over this extension of the principle of communal representation to the depressed classes and undertook fast unto
        death in Yerawada Jail (Poona) to get the award modified
        
        At last,
        there was an agreement between the leaders of the Congress and the depressed classes.
        
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        Government of India Act of 1935
        
        Indian Independence Act of 1947
        
        It ended the British rule in India and declared India as an
        independent and sovereign state from August 15, 1947
        
        It provided for the partition of India
        
        On February 20, 1947, the British Prime Minister Clement Atlee
        declared that the British rule in India would end by June 30,1948
        
        after which the power would be transferred to responsible Indian
        hands
        
        followed by the agitation by the
        Muslim League demanding partition of the country
        
        June 3, 1947, the British Government made it clear that any
        Constitution framed by the Constituent Assembly of India cannot apply to those parts which were
        unwilling to accept it
        
        Mountbatten, the Viceroy of India, put forth the partition plan,known as the Mountbatten Plan
        
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        It abolished the office of Viceroy and provided, for each
        dominion, a governorgeneral,
        
        appointed by
        the British King on the advice of the dominion cabinet.
        
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        It abolished the office of the Secretary of State for India and
        transferred his functions to the Secretary of State for Commonwealth Affairs
        
        It granted freedom to the Indian princely states either to join
        the Dominion of India or Dominion of Pakistan or to remain independent.
        
        ABOLISHED
        
        British paramountcy over the Indian princely states
        
        treaty relations with tribal areas
        
        office of the Secretary of State for India and
        transferred his functions to the Secretary of State for Commonwealth Affairs.
        
        the title of Emperor of India from the royal titles of the King of England.
        
        the appointment to civil services and
        reservation of posts by the secretary of state for India
        
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        It designated the Governor-General of India and the
        provincial governors as constitutional (nominal) heads of the states
        
        They were made to act on the advice of the
        respective council of ministers in all matters.
        
        It provided for the governance of each of the dominions and
        the provinces by the Government of India Act of 1935, till the new Constitutions were framed
        
        It deprived the British Monarch of his right to veto bills or ask
        for reservation of certain bills for his approval
        
        But, this right
        was reserved for the GovernorGeneral.
        
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        It was a lengthy and detailed
        document having 321 Sections and 10 Schedules.
        
        It abolished dyarchy in the provinces and introduced
        ‘provincial autonomy’ in its place
        
        The provinces were
        allowed to act as autonomous units
        
        responsible
        Governments in provinces,the Governor was
        required to act with the advice of ministers responsible to the provincial legislature.
        
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        provided for the adoption of dyarchy at the Centre.
        
        federal subjects were divided into
        reserved subjects and transferred subjects.
        
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        It further extended the principle of communal representation
        by providing separate electorates for
        
        depressed classes (Scheduled Castes),
        
        women and
        
        labour (workers).
        
        It introduced bicameralism in 6 out of 11 provinces with many
        restrictions
        
        Bengal,
        
        Bombay,
        
        Assam and
        
        Madras,
        
        Bihar,
        
        the United Provinces
        
        It provided for the establishment of an
        All-India Federation
        consisting of provinces and princely states as units.
        
        divided the powers between the Centre and units in terms of
        three lists
        
        Federal List (for Centre, with 59 items)
        
        Provincial
        List (for provinces, with 54 items)
        
        Concurrent List
        (for both, with 36 items).
        
        Residuary powers were given to the
        Viceroy
        
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        Establishment of
        
        Provincial Public Service
        
        and Joint Public Service Commission for two or more provinces
        
        Federal Public Service Commission,
        
        Federal Court, which
        was set up in 1937.
        
        Reserve Bank of India
        to control the currency and credit of the country.
        
        The secretary of state for
        India was provided with a team of advisors.
        
        abolished the Council of India, established by the
        Government of India Act of 1858.
        
        About 10 per cent of the total
        population got the voting right
        
        first time we got provincial autonomy
        
        its aimed at gradual intro. of responsible
        GOI
        
        3 out of 6 members of the Viceroy’s
        executive Council (other than the Commander-in-Chief) were to be Indian.
        
        granted franchise to a limited number of people on thebasis of property, tax or education
        
        separate electorates for Sikhs, Indian Christians,Anglo-Indians and Europeans
        
        It created a new office of the High Commissioner for India in London
        
        and transferred to him some of the functions hithertoperformed by the Secretary of State
        
        provided for the establishment of a public servicecommission.
        
        separated budget, for the first time,and authorised the provincial legislatures to
        enact their budgets
        
        Central budget
        
        Provincial budgets
        
        we demanded provincial autonomy got dyarchy(fake provincial autonomy)
      - BACKGROUND
        
        After announcement of the division of Bengal in 1905 by Curzon, there was huge revolt in different places of Bengal. Hindu-Muslim unity was the main feature of the protests.
        
        The demand of Indian National congress was not met through the Indian Councils Act of 1892. INC pressurized the British government for additional reforms and self-Government.
        
        In 1906, Indian National Congress for the first time demanded home rule. Gopal Krishna Gokhale met with Morley to stress the importance of changes.
        
        In October 1906, a group of Muslim elites called the Shimla Deputation, led by the Agha Khan, met Lord Minto and demanded separate electorates for the Muslims.
        
        Soon, British rulers comprehended that there was an urgent need of political reforms. Keeping in view of the above, British Parliament revised the Indian Council Acts of 1861 & 1892.
      - CHARACTER OF THE ACT
        
        To Curb Nationalistic Feelings
        
        Part of the British Divide & Rule Policy
        
        Development of Communalism among masses
- - - - Designated Governor of Bengal as the ‘Governor General of Bengal’
        
        created an Executive Council of 4-members to assist him. COUNCIL OF 4 /CALCUTTA COUNCIL
        
        .
        
        HOW EXECUTIVE SUPREMACY TURNED INTO LEGISLATIVE SUPERMACY
        
        Modi ji got elected as legis. but control execu.
        
        first such Governor General was
        Lord Warren Hastings
        
        It made the governors of Bombay and Madras presidencies
        subordinate to the governor-general of Bengal
      - Supreme Court at
        Calcutta (1774)
        
        comprising one chief justice and three other
        judges
        
        Sir Elijah Imphey was the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
      - prohibited the servants of the Company
        
        accepting presents
        
        bribes from the
        ‘natives’
        
        private trade
      - Court of Directors to report on its revenue, civil, and
        military affairs in India to the British Government
        
        accountibility
    - - British decided to regulate EIC
      - Demarcated the political and administrative function of the company
      - laid foundation of central administration in india
    - - Taking advantages of the dual system of administration by Officials
      - The total misgovernance in Bengal due to dual form of gov
        
        diwani
        
        nizamat
      - The gross malpractices of the senior officials of the company.
      - The company was also facing a financial crisis at this time
        
        COMPANY BECAME POOR
        
        CORRUPTION
        
        officers became rich
        
        The disastrous famine in Bengal in 1770 affected the agriculturists and as a result revenue collection was poor.
        
        In short company was on the brink of
        bankruptcy.
        In 1773, the company approach the British government for an immediate loan.
      - Company had applied to the British government for a loan of one million pounds.
      - Further, the famine of 1770 also reduced the revenue.
      - The defeat of the company against Mysore’s Hyder Ali in 1769.
    - - ▪ Veto power of The Governor-General not declared.
      - ▪ The Supreme Court’s powers were not well-defined.
      - ▪ No measure to stop the corruption among the company officials.
      - ▪ There was no mechanism to study the reports sent by the Goveror-General in Council.
  - - - WHY
        
        With the enactment of this act British government
        intervened directly in the company’s operation.
        
        In the years of 1779-1780, Supreme Court and the Supreme Council got into tussle. Supreme Council put forwarded several reasons such as unlawful operation by the Supreme court.
        
        Along with the Supreme Council, several zamindars, company servants, and others filed similar petitions
    - - FEATURES
    - - Hindus
        were to be tried according to the Hindu law
      - Muslims
        were to be tried according to the Mohammedan law.
      - appeals from the Provincial Courts could be taken to the Governor-General-in-Council and not to the Supreme Court.
    - - Rivalry between the Supreme Court and the Supreme Council started
        
        Supreme Council filed a petition against SC's unlawful operation
        
        As a recognition to the case, Parliament established a committee.(Touchet commitee)
        
        The committee entrusted to investigate the situation
        
        In 1781, the committee presented its much awaiting report
        
        On July 05, 1781, British Parliament passed the Act of Settlement 1781
  - - - Pitts India Act constitute a significant landmark with regard to the foreign policy of the company-
      - The company’s territories in India were for the first time called the **‘British possession in India ’
      - Direct control over company’s affairs and its administration by British Crown in India
    - - allowed the Court of Directors to manage the commercial
        affairs,
      - but created a new body called Board of Control to
        To manage civil, political affairs and military Affairs of the company ,
        
        Secretary of State (Board President)
        
        BOC Comprised of 6 members-
        
        Four Privy Councillors
        
        Chancellor of the Exchequer
    - - The act mandated disclosure of the property by All civil and military officers in India and Britain within two months of their joining
    - - first, the
        Company’s territories in India were for the first time called the
        ‘British possessions in India’
      - second, the British Government was given the supreme control over Company’s affairs and its
        administration in India.
    - - He placed two demands to accept that post, viz
        
        He should be given power to override the decision of his
        council in special cases.
        
        He would also be the Commander-in-Chief
      - Charter Act of 1793
        
        Governor-General more powers and control over the subordinate Presidencies of Bombay
        and Madras
        
        extended the overriding power given to Lord Cornwallis over his council, to all future Governor-Generals and Governors of Presidencies
        
        extended the trade monopoly of the Company in India for another 20 years
        
        Commander-in-Chief was not to be a member of the Governor-General’s council, unless he was so appointed.
        
        members of the Board of Control and their staff were, henceforth, to be paid out of the Indian revenues.
        
        Barred official leaving from India: Senior company officials could not leave India without permission otherwise it would be considered as a resignation.
        
        "Privilege" or "country" trade: The company was authorized to grant licenses to individuals and company employees to trade in India.
        
        Charter Act of 1813
        
        asserted the sovereignty of the British Crown over the
        Company’s territories in India
        
        allowed the Christian missionaries to come to India for the
        purpose of enlightening the people.
        
        provided for the spread of western education among the
        inhabitants of the British territories in India.
        
        spread of western education among the
        inhabitants of the British territories in India.
        
        authorised the Local Governments in India to imposetaxes on persons. They could also punish the persons for not paying taxes.
        
        Charter Act of 1833
        
        Made the Governor-General of Bengal as the Governor-General of India
        
        Vested with Civil and Military Power
        
        His council was called India Council.
        
        Governors of Bombay and Madras lost their legislative powers.
        
        William Bentick became the first governor- general of India.
        
        The GG in council had the authority to amend, repeal or alter any law British Indian territories
        
        The GG-council was to have four members again, fourth member had limited powers only.
        
        The decision of the GG will prevail at the time of dispute on any matter.
        
        for the first time, Government of India having authority over the entire territorial area possessed by the British in India
        
        Introduced the idea of competition in ICS
        
        CS was very strong and loyal to EIC bcoz till now they needed EIC CoD sponsorship to get admission in Heilybury college of CS
        
        Previously COD of the EIC used to recruit civil servant
        
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        After 1833For the first time idea of competition in ICS given through this act
        
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        The act removed restrictions as to religion, colour, caste, and creed Indian Civil Service
        
        It has made merit the only criteria for the selection.
        
        It provided for the free participation of Indians in the administration of the country.
        
        provided that the Company’s territories in India were
        held by it ‘in trust for His Majesty, His heirs and successors’.
        
        Charter Act of 1853
        
        It extended the Company’s rule and allowed it to retain the possession of Indian territories on trust for the British Crown.
        
        did not specify any particular period, an indication that Company’s rule could be terminated at any time the
        Parliament liked.
        
        established a separate Governor-General’s legislative council / Indian (Central) Legislative Council
        
        addition of six new members called legislative councillors to
        the council
        
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        introduced an open competition system of selection and
        recruitment of civil servants
        
        Macaulay Committee on ICS was appointed in 1854.
        
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        Took away the power of Court of Directors for Nomination
        
        reasons
        
        Favoritism of the towards Bengal as the designation change from GG-Bengal to GG-India
        
        After Charter Act of 1833, cases of undue expenditure by the company came into picture
        
        Demand of decentralization of Power & Indian shares on administration roses significantly
        
        Sindh & Punjab became british territory (1843 & 1849 )
        
        other number of indian states annexed by dalhousie , burma became territory of british
        
        The Act empowered the British Crown to appoint a Law Commission in england
        
        Through this act, law member became a full member of the Governor-General’s Executive Council
        
        The number of the members of the court of directors was reduced from 24 to 18
        
        This act served as the foundation of the modern parliamentary form of government.
        
        chronology of changes in GG & COUNCIL
        
        Regulating Act of 1773
        
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        Pitts India Act, 1784
        
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        Charter Act of 1833
        
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        Charter Act of 1853
        
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        Changes in THE CIVIL SERVICE
        
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        BACKGROUND
        
        The result of the Industrial Revolution showed itself in the coming of Machine Age in Britain. There was a great influx of wealth through export trade.
        
        Industrial Revolution 1760-1840
        
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        The laboring class began to agitate for improvement of their economic condition. The liberal movement resulted in the Reform Act of 1832.
        
        The principle of laissez-faire was accepted as the government's attitude toward the industrial enterprise.
        
        laissez-faire
        
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        Indian Law Commission was established
        
        Macauley was its First Chairman
        
        The other three members were J.M. Madeira,
        G.W. Anderson, and C.H. Cameron
        
        In 1837, the Macaulay Code or the draft of the Penal Code to the government was then submitted.
        
        The Charter Act of 1833 attempted to codify laws for the first time
        
        The code of civil procedure was introduced in 1859 followed by the Indian penal code in 1860 and the criminal procedure code in 1861
        
        EIC Commercial Activity Ended
        
        It means monopoly of China trade and trade of tea which it enjoyed with charter act 1813 was ended.
        
        EIC Became an administrative body
        
        It abolished the trade monopoly of the company in India EXCEPT trade in tea and trade with China.
        
        Napoleon Bonaparte is considered a child of the French Revolution (1789-1799). He introduced a system called ‘Continental System which was the blockade designed by Napoleon to paralyze Great Britain through the destruction of British commerce.
        
        Continental System in Europe forbade the import of British goods into European countries allied with or dependent upon France.
        
        Due to this continental system, British traders suffered a lot and they demanded a share of British trade in Asia and the end of the East India Company's monopoly.
        
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        Made compulsory educational investment in India: The Charter Act of 1831 included a provision that Company should invest Rs. 1 Lakh every year on the education of Indians.
        
        Controlling Company’s Revenue Profit: The act regulated the company’s territorial revenues and commercial profits.
        The company’s dividend was fixed at 10.5% per annum.
        
        charter means
        
        A written instrument or contract (such as a deed) executed in due form
        A grant or guarantee of rights, franchises, or privileges from the sovereign power of a state or country.
        
        features
        
        More centralization of Power
        
        Any further acquisition by the company would be done on the behalf of the crown.
        
        For the appointment of the GG, the Governors, and Commander-in-Chief, royal approval mandatory.
        
        The company was allowed to raise its dividends to 10%.
        
        5 Lakh British pounds to the British government
        
        Separated revenue administration and judicial functions
        
        The governor-general is empowered to disregard the majority in the Council in special circumstances.
        
        In his absence from Bengal, Governor-general could appoint a Vice President from among the civilian members of his Council.
        
        The composition of the Board of Control changed into a President and two junior members(not necessarily members of the Privy Council).
        
        why
        
        It was aimed at renewing the company’s charter for the next 20 years.
        
        In order to maintained the company's dominance over the British possessions in India, the act was enacted.
      - why
        
        Cornwallis succeeded Warren Hastings as Governor General in 1786
        
        He Belonged to an influential and aristocratic family with wider political connection
        
        He was also a close friend of prime minister Pitt, the younger.
        
        He distinguished himself as a remarkable soldier in the American War of Independence.
        
        After his return from America, he was offered
        the Governor General post in India.
      - features
        
        Cornwallis was named Governor-General and Commander-in-Chief.
        
        If the Governor-General or Governor had to utilize the extraordinary power to overturn the majority of the Council, both sides would have to declare their viewpoints on the disputed matter in writing.
        
        The act gave overriding powers to the GG over his council in extraordinary situations.
        
        it recognized and confirmed the powers of the Court of Directors in the appointment of Commander in Chief, Governor-General and the Councillors.
        
        If the Governor-General or Governor finally decided to act on his own, he would be personally liable for any step taken without the Council's approval
    - - The regulating act proved to be an unsatisfactory document as its failed in its objective.
      - In January 1784, Prime Minister of England i.e. Pitt the younger introduced the Indian Bill in the British Parliament.
      - Pitts India Act of 1784 was passed to remove the drawbacks of regulating Act of 1773 by the youngest Prime Minister, Pitt the Younger.
      - The enactment resulted in joint government in India by Crown in Great Britain and EIC, under which political functions snatched away from the company.
    - - The Governor-General was given the right of veto.
      - The Governor-General’s council’s strength was
        reduced to three members from 4 members
        
        One of the three would be the Commander-in-
        Chief of the British Crown’s army in India.
    - - No clarity in the boundaries of control between the BOC and the COD.
      - The powers of the BOC, COD and the Governor general were subjective and not objective.
      - The Board of Controls were alleged for favouritism (nepotism).