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Unit 1 - Chemistry, KEY (Electrolysis, Dilution, Bonding, Neutralisation),…
Unit 1 - Chemistry
Electrolysis
Electric Current
Electricity is a flow of charged particles.
Electrons flow through metals and ions flow through solutions.
Electrolysis is the process of splitting a compound into simpler substances, using electricity.
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Positive __ are attracted to the negative electrode, meaning acids contain the positive hydrogen ion, H+.
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Pure water has a pH of 7, this is because the concentration of H+ ions is exactly the same as the concentration of OH- ions.
Bonding
Spectator Ions
An ion appears on both sides of the reaction, unchanged (same state symbol) is known as a spectator ions.
They have not taken part in the reaction and so has only ‘spectated,’ the reaction.
These are represented as ionic equations, which are different from symbol equations because they show all the ions involved in the reaction with their charges.
Identification
For example, the reaction of sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid can be represented as:
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Dilution
As an alkaline solution is diluted with water, the pH __ towards 7.
When 1 cm3 of an acid is diluted to 10 cm3, the __ ions will be more spread out.
The concentration of H+ __ as we dilute an acid with water until we eventually reach pH7. Diluting an alkali reduces the ___ of OH- until the pH reaches 7.
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As the neutraliser and the acid react, the pH of the mixture moves towards 7 (neutral).
An example of this is when hydrochloric acid is neutralised by sodium hydroxide, a salt is formed – sodium chloride - along with water.
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