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Going viral, of, include, which are, how?, which, trigger, trigger -…

- - - - Cases increased over the years
      - 38.4million living with HIV
      - 650,000 died from HIV
    - - Increased over the years
      - 54 cases in 2021
      - Low prevalence compared to other countries
- - - - (NNRTIs)
        Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
        No Nucleoside/does not need to be phosphorylated
      - mimics nucleotides during transcribing RNA--> DNA
        
        Causes
        
        Chain termination
    - - Prevent protease action of converting long proteins to small functional ones which leads to maturation
    - - Bind/block CCR5 Receptor
  - - - Decreased CD4+ count
- - - - is
        
        analytical technique to detect specific proteins in a sample of tissue
    - - used to
        
        viral load
    - - A biochemical technique used to detect the presence of an antibody or an antigen in a sample.
        
        steps
        
        Coating the well with antigen
        
        Add antibody to be measured
        
        Add enzyme linked secondary antibody
        
        Add substrate and measure color
- - - - Includes
        
        Myalgia
        
        Maculopapular rash
        
        Fever,headache and sore throat
        
        lymph nodes enlargement
    - - Association with
        
        Neurulogical Diseases
        
        Involves
        
        AIDS Dementia Complex
        
        Opportunistic Infections
        
        Involves
        
        Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
        
        Pneumocystis Carinii
        
        Staphylococcus aureus
        
        Malignant Tumors
        
        Involves
        
        Kaposi Sarcoma
- - - - originate from
        
        bone marrow
      - develop in
        
        the thymus
      - charachterised by
        
        the presence of T cell receptor
        
        Accessory proteins
        
        CD3 proteins
        
        ITAMs
        
        induce downstream signaling
        
        epsilon (x2)
        
        gamma
        
        zeta
        
        delta
      - types
        
        CD4+
        
        activate
        
        macrophages
        
        B cells
        
        differentiate into
        
        memory CD4+ cells
        
        CD8+
        
        kill
        
        infected target cells
        
        differentiate into
        
        memory CD8+ cells
    - - present antigen as single peptide chain in
        
        MHC2
        
        2 chains: the alpha chain and the beta chain.
        
        MHC1
        
        beta 2 microglobulin
        
        3 globular domains
        
        a single chain
      - phagocyte
        
        antigen
- - - - HIV-1 (more common)
      - HIV-2 (less pathogenic)
    - - HIV binds to CD4 surface & replicates within them
        
        causes destruction of CD4+ cells and decline of T-cells
      - WBC's found on APC
    - - Replication
      - Assembly
      - Integration
      - Budding and maturation
      - Reverse transcription
      - entry (binding + fusion)
- - - - Divided into
        
        Stage 1: acute HIV infection
        
        Characterized by
        
        HIV multiples rapidly and attacks CD4 cells
        
        Level of HIV in blood is high = high transmission
        
        Flu like symptoms
        
        Stage 2: chronic HIV infection
        
        Characterized by
        
        May be asymptotic
        
        Without ART can advance to AIDS
        
        With ART patients may remain in this stage
        
        HIV continues to multiply in the blood but slower
        
        Stage 3: development of AIDS
        
        Characterized by
        
        CD4 count of less than 200 cells/mm3
        
        High viral load so high transmission
        
        With no treatment people with AIDS survive for about 3 years
- - - - The lack of information and awareness
    - - Feelings of shame
      - Hopelessness
      - Isolation.
      - Reluctance to ask for help or to get treatment.
      - Lack of understanding by Family and friends.
      - Fewer opportunities for employment or social interaction