In his masterly two-volume biography of Hitler, develops a more complex model which succeeds in reconciling a focus on Hitler's supreme role with an analysis of the far from streamlined power structures of the dictatorship. Ian Kershaw points to ways in which Hitler's own role as charismatic Führer was, almost paradoxically, itself in part a product of the increasingly chaotic structures of power; there was simply no other ultimate source of decision-making, and the 'Hitler order' was the only final authority that could be cited. At the same time, the notion of 'working towards the Fuhrer' (which Kershaw takes from a contemporary source) encapsulates the way in which Hitler's undoubted personal power and extraordinary hold over his close followers stimulated actions 'from below' that did not always require specific orders from above. It is possible in this way to synthesise the notion of the polycratic state, riddled by internal rivalries, with that of Hitler's supreme role at the centre, shaping the parameters and ultimate goals of the regime.