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EXAM 4 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - bisexual
      - radially symmetric
      - multiple whorls of petals
      - androecium
        
        2+ whorls of anthers
      - gynoecium
        
        5+ carpels
      - based on molecular data
    - - Archaefructus sinensis
      - likely herbaceous
      - likely aquatic
      - 124.6 bya
    - - Amborellaceae
      - Amborella
      - Amborella trichopoda
      - new Caledonia
      - Dioecious
        
        male plants
        
        female plants
      - shrub
    - - flowers indefinite in # of parts
        
        flowers have few parts that are definite in #
      - floral axis shortened
        
        original spiral arrange no longer evident
        
        floral parts often fused
      - ovary superior→inferior
        
        perianth has become differentiated in distinct calyx & corolla
      - radial symmetry
        
        irregularity
  - - - a flower is a stem w/ leaf-like structures
      - complete flowers have all 4 floral appendages
        
        sepals; sterile
        
        petals; sterile
        
        stamens; male fx
        
        carpels; female fx
      - incomplete flowers lack @ least 1 appendage
    - - sepals are the outermost floral appendage
      - are modified leaves that surround maturing flower parts
      - protect the flower bud as it develops
      - may be colorful
      - all sepals together=calyx
    - - located above sepals on receptacle
      - leaf-like but contain pigments other than chlorophyll
      - attract pollinators
      - collectively are a corolla
      - sepals & petals collectively are perianth
      - absent in wind-pollinated species
    - - occur above petals
      - collectively the androecium
      - 2 parts
        
        anther
        
        supporting filament
      - diploid anther cells (microsporocytes) undergo meiosis to produce 4 microspores
      - microspores
        
        undergo mitosis
        
        form resistant cell wall
      - microgametophyte
        
        pollen grains
    - - megasporophyll
      - carpels, collectively = gynoecium
      - stigma catches pollen grains
      - style elevates the stigma
      - ovary where megaspores are produced
      - w/in the ovary are placentae bearing small structures called ovules
      - after fertilization of egg, ovules mature into seeds
  - - - whorls inserted relative to ovary
        
        superior
        
        carpel above
        
        inferior
        
        receptacle surrounds carpel
        
        carpel below
      - perianth & stamen insertion
        
        hypogynous
        
        perianth & stamens on receptacle beneath ovary
        
        ex. lilies
        
        epigynous
        
        perianth & stamens from top of ovary
        
        ex. apple flower
        
        perigynous
        
        perianth & stamens adnate to calyx
        
        ex. cherry flower
    - - lacking a whorl of sexual organs
      - hermaphroditic
        
        perfect
      - monoecious
        
        male flowers & female flowers on same plant
      - dioecious
        
        male flowers on plant, female flowers on different plant
        
        male = androecious
        
        female = gynoecious
    - - inflorescence
      - taxonomic importance
      - various ways to ensure cross pollination
  - - - major traits
        
        color
        
        some colors > attraction than others
        
        requires resource
        
        omit when unnecessary
        
        some are in UV spectrum
        
        smell/scent
        
        signal to pollinators
        
        sometimes use own preferences & sexual pheromones
        
        some common chemicals
        
        Benzaldehyde
        
        almond
        
        Linalool
        
        lavender
        
        Limonene
        
        citrus
        
        beta ocimene
        
        green
        
        may have scent glands
        
        ex. roses
        
        shape
        
        floral symmetry
        
        actinomorphic
        
        radially symmetric
        
        ex. sunflower
        
        zygomorphic
        
        irregular
        
        bilateral
        
        ex. pea
        
        bloom time
        
        diurnal
        
        day time
        
        nocturnal
        
        night
        
        rewards
        
        nectar
        
        pollen
        
        oil
    - - abiotic
        
        anemophily
        
        wind
        
        no bright colors, special odors, or nectar
        
        small
        
        most have no petals
        
        stamens & stigmas exposed to air currents
        
        large amount of pollen
        
        pollen = smooth, light, easily airborne
        
        stigma feathery to catch pollen from wind
        
        hydrophily
        
        water
        
        copious pollen
        
        small flowers
        
        long filaments for pollen transport on surface
        
        oblong, heavier pollen for submarine transport
      - biotic
        
        melittophily
        
        bee
        
        full of nectar
        
        brightly colored w/ petals usually blue or yellow or mixture
        
        sweetly aromatic or mint smell
        
        open in daytime
        
        provide landing platforms
        
        often bilaterally symmetrical
        
        flowers often tubular w/ nectar @ base of tuve
        
        psychophily
        
        butterfly
        
        in clusters & provide landing platform
        
        brightly colored
        
        red, yellow, orange
        
        open during day
        
        ample nectar producers, w/ nectar deeply hidden
        
        nectar guides present
        
        may be clusters of small flowers
        
        phaelonophily
        
        moth
        
        many night pollinated species
        
        white
        
        heavy scent
        
        tubular corollas
        
        myophily/sapromyophily
        
        fly
        
        pale & dull to dark brown or purple
        
        sometimes flecked w/ translucent patches
        
        putrid odor, like rotting meat, carrion, dung, humus, sap & blood
        
        nectar guides not present
        
        produce pollen
        
        flowers are funnel like or complex traps
        
        Saprophily, for carrion mimics
        
        ornithophily
        
        bird
        
        tubular & have petals that are recurved to be out of the way
        
        have tubes, funnels, cups
        
        strong supports for perching
        
        bright colors
        
        red, yellow, orange
        
        odorless
        
        birds smell = poor
        
        open during day
        
        prolific nectar producers w/ nectar deeply hidden
        
        modest pollen producers that are designed to dust the bird's head/back w/ pollen as bird forages nectar
        
        chiropterophily
        
        bat
        
        open @ night
        
        large in size(1-3.5in)
        
        pale/white color
        
        very fragrant, a fermenting or fruit-like odor
        
        copious dilute nectar
        
        cantharophily
        
        beetle
        
        bowl-shaped w/ sexual organs exposed
        
        white to dull white or green
        
        strongly fruity
        
        open during day
        
        moderate nectar producers
        
        may be large solitary flowers
        
        may be clusters of small flowers
      - deception
        
        may look like pollinator
        
        may smell like pollinator
        
        uses trickery
        
        usually no reward
  - - - primary endosperm nucleus divides forming enosperm
      - zygote develops in embryo
      - integuments develop into a seed coat
      - ovary wall & related structures develop into fruit
    - - ovary sometimes w/ other portions of flower or inflorescence develops into a frit
      - ovary wall
        
        pericarp
        
        thickens & differentiations
        
        exocarp
        
        mesocarp
        
        endocarp
    - - any fruit w/ accessory tissue
      - tissue besides the ovary is included in the fruit
      - can be simple, aggregate or multiple
    - - fruit development
        
        w/out fertilization
        
        w/out seed development
      - banana
      - seedless watermelon
    - - single carpel
      - 2+ united carpels
      - examples
        
        bean
        
        cherry
        
        tomato
      - major fleshy types
        
        berries
        
        drupes
        
        pomes
    - - apocarpous gynoecium
      - carpel retains its identity in mature state
      - example
        
        magnolias
        
        raspberries
        
        strawberries
    - - derived from an inflorescence
      - combined gynoecia of many flowers
      - example
        
        fig
        
        mulberry
        
        pineapple
  - - - wind
        
        wings
        
        parachutes
        
        lightweight
      - water
        
        buoyant
        
        large airspaces
        
        example=coconut
      - animal
        
        active
        
        fleshy
        
        provide animal w/ nutrients
        
        long-distance disposal
        
        seed pass through gut w/out harm
        
        seeds are regurgitated later
        
        ends up in excrement full of nutrients
        
        ants w/ elaiosome (lipid based nutrient rich)
        
        passive
        
        hooks
        
        catch on fur
        
        catch on hoof
        
        velcro
      - self
        
        gravity
        
        exploiding
- - - - seed ferns (extinct)
      - gymnosperms
        
        progymnosperms (extinct)
      - angiosperms
    - - Elkinsia polymorpha
        
        4-5 lobes fused basal 3rd
        
        ~360 mya
      - late Devonian
      - Psuedosporogonite quadrapartitus
    - - lobate integuments
        
        free from nucellus/megasporangium
      - Moresnetia zalesskyi
        
        8-10 lobes fused @ chalaza & widely seperated
        
        ~360 mya
    - - complete enclosure of megasporangium w/in integument
        
        increased protection
        
        desiccation
        
        herbivory
      - Stamnostoma huttonense
        
        352 mya
      - Gnetopsiselliptica
    - - evolved from shoot apex
      - gymnosperm nucellus apex similar to shoot apex
      - similar genes
    - - heterospory
      - protection
        
        integuments
      - pollen capture
        
        pollen chamber
        
        micropyle
      - nucellus
  - - - heterospory
      - megasporangium enclosed in integuments
      - retention of megaspores w/in megasporangium
      - reduction # of megasporocytes/megasporangium to 1
      - survival of 1 megaspore
      - endosporic megagametophyte
      - modification of megasporangium apex for microspores or microgametophytes
      - embryo develop w/in megagametophyte
    - - megaspores
        
        megagametophyte
      - microspores
        
        microgametophyte
      - found in some non-seed plants
    - - 1st integument telomes
      - 2nd integument phyllad origin
    - - megasporocyte
        
        megaspore mother cell
        
        reduced to 1/megasporangium rather than hundreds
    - - megasporocyte undergoes meiosis
      - 4 resulting daughter cells
      - 3 megaspores degenerate
      - 1 megaspore remains
    - - reduced megaspores w/ other 3 aborted
      - large megaspore retained inside megasporangium
      - extra layer of protection
    - - megagametophyte retained inside megaspore wall
      - fertilization of egg occurs in wall
      - extra layer of protection
    - - pollen chamber
        
        through programmed cell death
      - micropyle
    - - multicellular megagametophyte
      - egg retained
      - after syngamy, embryo develops w/in
  - - - gametophyte dominant stage in early land plants
      - reduced over time
    - - sperm development w/in antheridia
      - sperm rely on water for swimming to archegonia
    - - swim
    - - microgametophyte
      - dispersal no longer requires water
      - exine prevents desiccation
      - some w/ air bladders
        
        transport by wind
    - - tubes feeding on nucellus
      - provide nutrients to developing sperm
      - can be lengthy process from pollination to fertilization
    - - direct delivery of sperm to the megagamtophyte
      - pollen tube
        
        directed by synergids
        
        feeds on nucellus
        
        gymnosperm
        
        feeds on style
        
        angiosperm
    - - angiosperm, 3 celled
        
        tube cell
        
        generative cell
      - microspore w/in microsporangium
      - mitosis w/in microspore wall
      - endosporic male gametophyte = pollen grain
  - - - megasporangium is nutritious tissue
        
        = nucellus
      - nested doll
      - integument (1)
      - megaspore wall
      - megasporangium
      - archegonium
      - eggs
      - example: pine ovule
        
        ovule on megasporophyll
        
        1 microsporocyte
        
        pollen chamber
        
        nesting doll
        
        integument
        
        nucellus
        
        megaspore wall
        
        megagametophyte
        
        archegonium
        
        egg
    - - 2 integuments
      - megasporangium
        
        =nucellus
      - megasporocyte reduced to 1
      - megaspore reduced to 1 and retained
      - megagametophyte
        
        = egg sac
      - furniculum
      - example: lily ovule
        
        1 megasporocyte
        
        1 megaspore
        
        2 integuments
        
        embryo sac=
        
        megagametophyte
        
        8 nucleate
        
        3 antipodals
        
        sometimes nutritive
        
        2 polar
        
        becomes endosperm
        
        2 synergids
        
        guide pollen tube
        
        1 egg
        
        eventual zygote
    - - both single megasporocyte
      - both single megaspore
      - 1 integument, 2 integuments
      - unique to angiosperm
        
        additional protection from ovary wall
        
        double fertilization
  - - - increased independence from free water reproduction
      - enabled colonization of drier upland habitats
      - enabling advanced reproductive traits
        
        pollination drops
      - embryo dormancy increase chance of offspring survival
    - - pine example
      - sme w/ fleshy ourter layer (aril)
      - several cotyledons
      - integument becomes seed coat
    - - pollen tube grows down style
      - generative cell divides into 2 sperm
      - pollen tube ruptures inside synergid releasing sperm
      - 1 sperm fuses w/ egg
        
        2n diploid
        
        zygote
      - 1 sperm fuses w/ polar nuclei
        
        3n triploid
        
        endosperm
    - - 1 cotyledon
        
        =scutellum
      - large # endosperm
      - corn example
      - integuments become seed coat
    - - 2 cotyledons
      - large # of endosperm
      - integuments become seed coat
      - bean example