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Geography - Human Enviroments :recycle:, * (GM Crop, Bio-fuels, Government…
Geography - Human Enviroments :recycle:
Urban
inner city
how to find inner city on a map
grid iron street pattern
close to CBD
some open space
railway lines or canals
inner city is the area made up of tightly packed tenement buildings and factories
this area is always changing so not to be a victim of urban decay
it is now being turned into shopping centres, modern flats and hotels
the rural urban fringe (greenbelt)
this is an area right on the edge of the city which is where the countryside and built up area meet
developments on the greenbelt are discouruged
this is to try stop the countryside being eaten up
it has famrs, parks, golf courses and house developments
CBD
how to find cbd on a map
densly packed no open space
alot of churches or museams or attractions
main roads meeting
A tourist information centre
about CBD
It has commerical land uses like office buldings, banks, shops and restraunts
it is most accessible due to good transport links
there is a big competitoon for land meaning prices are high
because of very little space buildings are expanding upward
wuburbs
how to spot suburbs on a map
cresents and culdesac layouts
golf courses
minor roads
on outskirts of town
schools for families
about the suburbs
traffic managment
park and ride scheme: this reduces the number of vechiles as people then leave their cars at train stations
cyclist lanes: to avoid vechiles having to stop or stop to over take cyclist
by passes: roads sournding the cbd takes the busiest traffic out of the city to avoid city centre
one way street: keeps traffic flowing one way
Rural
Population
Physical Factors
Climate
Temperate Climates are most popular to live in
Climates such as Arctic Canada with an extremely cold climate tend to be less popular because it is more difficult to build on the uneven and slippery ground
Less Inhabitable
Climates such as the Sahara Desert with an extremely hot climate tend to be less popular due to non frequent rainfall and the tendency of drought
Relief
Mountainous/Hilly areas are harder to build on
Less Inhabitable
Low-lying areas are most popular to live on
Natural Resources
more abundant areas are easier to live in therefore more inhabited
Soils
more fertile = greater crop yield
less fertile = lesser crop yield
Job opportunities
Big city areas that have more people have greater job opportunities
Services
places with schools. hospitals and places for entertainment are more attractive
Economic Indicators
GNP (gross national person)
This number denotes the worth of goods that are produced by a country
higher : more developed
Average Income per person
An average of every person's income (wages) in the country
higher : more developed
People employed in agricultural fields
This number shows the number of people who work as a farmer (hands on)
Lower : more developed
Social Indicators
People per Doctor
this number shows how accessible healthcare is in a country
% of Adult Literacy
this shows the how accessible education is in a country
Birth rate (per 1000 women)
this shows how many people are born per 1000 mothers in a country
climate change
physical causes
fluncations in solar activity can increase or decrease temperture overtime
volcanic eruptions can lead to ash which goes into the aptomosphere leading to sun rays lowering temperature
smd
melting permafrost from the artic can lead to large qaunties of greenhouse gas methane which increases global temperature
large eruptions can lead to large amounts of carbon dioxide which increases global temperature
human causes
the burning of fossil fuels for transport, industry and power leads to global temperature rising because it produces carbon dioxide
world wide deforesation sometimes to rainforests can produce carbon dioxide
trees are often burnt which leads to carbon dioxide which increases global temperature
cow dung produces harmful gases which contributes to global warming
CFCs found in fridges also contribute to global warming
effects to climate change
increased temperature is causing ice caps to melt resulting in polar bears losing their habitats
melting ice is causing sea levels to rise which is endangering costal settlements
an increase in sea levels will make flooding worse
certain species are coming close to extinction for example the coral reef
weather patterns could change which will lead to more droughts and problems with crops meaning there could be a food problem
this will cause things such as famine
solutions for climate change
in the uk the goverment encourage people to usemore energy effecient ways for their house by giving grants for loft insultion
turning of lights, eletrical appliances reduces the amount of fossil fuels being used meaning less CO2 in the air
goverment is encourging people to use more public transport to reduce damaging emissons from cars
many world nations take part in climate change confrences like in december 2015 where they decide how to face climate change
in brazil laws have been passed to reduce deforestation by burning and illegal logging to reduce CO2 in the air
*
GM Crop
Genetically modified crops can increase crop yields and improve resistance to disease.
Many people disagree with GM crops arguing that it may have a negative impact on the natural environment.
More tolerant crop varieties could be grown in areas where they couldn’t be previously grown. GM crops reduce the need for pesticides which helps insects and bees .
The introduction of GM crops can give the farmer a more reliable harvest as the seeds are designed to resist disease. Crops can be grown in adverse conditions for example, lack of water ensuring a better food supply for the people.
HYV of crops require a more reliable source of water-irrigation increases costs.
The poorest farmers have been unable to buy GM seeds as they are too expensive so get no benefit from them.
Bio-fuels
The increased demand for biofuels can result in higher crop prices, improving the farmers’ income and can produce jobs.
Trees do not have to be removed for fuel, so they protect the soil from erosion
Energy used to grow and process the crops can be environmentally damaging, for example, tractors burning diesel increases air pollution.
Use of biofuels help farmers to ensure farms are clean and safe.
Gives access to clean reliable power.
Government Policy
In the UK, the Department for Food & Rural Affairs (DeFRA) or the Scottish Rural Development Programme (SRDP) supports farming industry by providing subsidies.
Government demands disease control in plants and animals to maintain high standards of produce.
Government funds and supports research into agriculture which in turn improves farming practices.
CAP Common Agricultural Policy helps farmers to maintain stable prices and guarantee a steady income with farmers use set aside land to prevent overproduction of certain crops.
Grants available for environmental improvements such as planting hedges in rural land.
Diversification
Diversification when farmers use other ventures such as farm shops it helps to boost the
farmers’ income allows farmers to become more independent and less reliant on subsidies.
Visiting a farm means people experience rural landscape and outdoor activities, the farmer makes an income from accommodation, farm shops, farm attractions, tours, agricultural exhibits, wildlife tours, and country sports.
Wind farm development on farming land also generates extra income.
New Technology
Using GPS to manage field operations or animal feeding saves time.
Computerised water management/irrigation can increase crop production, poly tunnels with environmental control systems can improve crop yield and quality.
However, the cost of buying and maintaining this equipment and machinery is expensive.
Chemical fertilisers and insecticides are widely used to improve production on farms. less labour required which has led to a decrease in population in rural areas.
Overuse of chemicals may result in environmental damage Drones may be used to survey fields of crops which helps farmers to quickly identify problems
more greenery