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The Advancement and Access of Technology for Deaf people - Coggle Diagram
The Advancement and Access of Technology for Deaf people
Hearing Aids and Medications
Numerous of people wanted to cure 'deafness'. One of the first ways to fix 'deafness' was to pour medications in people's ears.
First known manufacturer that created the hearing aid around 1800 was Frederick C. Rein in London.
First hearing aids were non-electric such as ear trumpets, acoustic urns, and speaking tubes for churches.
One of the earliest patents who was granted the hearing aids was in 1836 in England. The hearing aid was modeled like a curved earpiece. Followed by the US in 1855. It was called 'earscoops'.
Negative Backlash
In the 19th century, people were extremely negative toward hearing loss. Also when hearing aids were becoming more noticeable.
Hearing aid devices were designed to look like tabletop radios. Some aid devices looked like women's purses or concealed in the purses. A hearing aid from France resembled a camera.
Cochlear Implants
In 1961, Dr. William House performed the first implant in America.
The movement to restore hearing in children and adults started in 1984 with single-channel implants. The procedure today is widespread.
Implants do not restore normal hearing.
Parents and children are often reminded implants do not cure or eliminate deafness.
People who do want to take the surgery are reminded to do more research before they make the final decision.
Those who do decide to take the surgery have some time to identify sounds and make sense of vowels and consonants.
FDA and Bacterial Meningitis
The administration had issued three alerts regarding the bacteria which was caused by a positioner in the implants.
People who had the implants were advised to be vaccinated to prevent meningitis.
Captioned Movies and Television Programs
Open captioned movies first started appearing in 1949.
Then President Dwight Eisenhower signed the captioned films for the deaf program into law in 1958.
Since 1958, educational films and movies or tv programs were program for school releases purposes. Later, films were captioned when the DVD version was released to the public.
Malcolm Norwood, PH.D, was appointed the first deaf chief of captioned films in 1972.
Followed by John Gough, Ph.D the first director and Gilbert Delgado, PH.D both were hearing.
The program was initially built for educational captioned films especially for deaf clubs. However, DCMP now offers a wide range of videos and film in many genres such as education, biographies, classic movies and history to name a few.
Captions were never done live. They were only written in advance and synchronized with the pictures before being broadcast.
Open-Captions
Open-captions were considered a distraction by the public who didn't like the visual disburtion.
The captioned films for the deaf held a conference at the University of Tennessee in 1971.
The National Bureau of Standards made it possible to show captions to viewers whose television sets were equipped with decoders and removing the 'visual distraction'. Right there, the closed captioning technology was born.
National Captioning Institute
Federal Funds were provided to create the NCI in 1979.
The institute produced captions and sold decoders.
First office was established in Virginia and later the second office was established in Los Angeles.
Decoders
First decoders were sold for $300. Which were sold on March 15th 1980 at Sears.
After the opening of the NCI, the first TV program was broadcast with pre-written closed captions. 15 hours of captioned programs were available each week.
With the Americans with Disabilities Act which was signed by President Bush in 1990 a decoder chip was passed.
By July 1st, 1993, all TVs with screens larger than 13 inches or larger were required to have built-in captioning capability.
Teletypewriters
Robert Weitbrecht who was a member of the Alexander Graham Bell Association of the Deaf Oral Adults Section, invented the acoustic coupler to send messages over telephone lines.
TTY machines were recycled by a group of technicians.
TTY machines were 'loaned' to families and individuals with no cost.
Which the group would overhaul each TTY and connect to a modem so the machines could make calls.
It was the first time deaf people could communicate without eye-to-eye contact. Which at first many were not used it since it was apart of their languages having to see the person's face to distinguish the emotion and feeling .
Along with the TTY, deaf people were now receiving telephone numbers.
Deaf people could recall how they would not be able to make long distance calls. People who lived in smaller areas could not use the TTYs to call their friends without going the long distance route.
If a hearing member was living in the same place, then they would call the local telephone office to initiate long distance calls to connect to the calling party.
Once the connection was made, people would be able to talk on a TTY.
Lee Brody developed the first Braille TTY for the deaf-blind in 1974.
As of now, only one company produces Braille TTYs. The prices vary from $5,900 to $8,700.