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Psychology, Polysomnography, Neurotransmitters only have action at a small…
Psychology
The Brain
Brain Development
- Brain begins developing the moment the sperm enters the egg
- By 8 months the brain is complete
Sprouting and Pruning
Weaker or unneeded neurons are removed via pruning, making sure only the strongest neurons survive
The growth of additional dendrite branches when the brain is stimulated (learning) allows more neural messages
Neurons
Cells responsible for receiving sensory input from the external world and send motor commands/electrical signals
Neurotransmitter
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Neurohormone
Chemical messenger molecules that are released by neurons and travel the bloodstream to target sites
Neural Communication
Electrical and chemical impulses triggers the release of neurotransmitters from the axon that cross the synapse and bind to receptors.
Nervous System
Complex collection of nerves and specialized cells known as neurons that transmit signals between different parts of the body
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Addiction
The state of psychological or physical dependence on the use of alcohol or other drugs, with compulsive behaviours that often continue despite harmful effects.
Alcohol
Methanphetamines
Gambling
Playing chance-based games with the intent to bet and win money, dopamine may be released from anticipation
Stimulant drug that increases the speed of neural transmission, and elevates amount of serotonin, dopamine and glutamate, making users energised and euphoric
A depressant drug that slows down neural activity and impulses, and releases endorphins, serotonin and dopamine, making consumers feel relaxed
Stimulants
Depressants
Slows down activity and neural impulses, physical and mental energy can fade as metabolism also slows down, making us feel relaxed and uninhibited.
Increase the speed of neural transmission, making users feel energised and alert, often results in increased heart rate, higher body temperature and faster breathing.
Psychopathy
A neuropsychiatric disorder associated with antisocial behaviours, deficient emotional responses, lack of empathy, and impulsivity
PCL-R
A diagnostic tool for measuring psychopathy created by psychologist Robert Hare in 2003. Measures four dimensions: affective, antisocial, interpersonal and lifestyle.
Personality
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Personality Disorders
Psychological disorders characterized a rigid and unhealthy pattern of thinking, functioning and behaving
Sleep
Non-waking state of consciousness that operates on a circadian rhythm, during which the individual is unresponsive to external stimuli.
Sleep-wake cycle
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Controlled by the pineal gland, a structure in the hindbrain that is the size of a pea.
Darkness prompts the production of melatonin in the pineal gland, while light causes that production to stop. Melatonin helps regulate the circadian rhythm and synchronize the sleep-wake cycle with night and day.
Theories
Sleep Theories
Dream Theories
Freudian Psychoanalytic Theory:Dreams are the unexpressed fears and desires of the mind and the contents of one's dreams can reveal symbols in what we remember (manifest) and reveal a hidden meaning (latent)
Activation-Synthesis Theory: Dreams were a by-product of the random firing of neurons during REM sleep as it is the brain's way of making sense of the electrical activity.
Evolutionary: From a perspective of growth from our caveman days. States sleep is to enable the adaptive purpose of survival and sleep is at night as predatory threats are lower. Also conserves energy needed in the day.
Restoration:States sleep has a restorative function of helping the body repair itself from daily wear and tear. Sleep deprivation impairs bodily functions.
Types of Sleep
REM: Rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams, bodily movement, fast pulse and breathing commonly occur.
Non-REM: Sleep stages 1 through 4, which are marked by an absence of rapid eye movements, relatively little dreaming.
Polysomnography
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Electroencephalographs: Measures electrical activity in the brain using small, metal discs (electrodes) attached to the scalp.
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Neurotransmitters only have action at a small volume where release occurs, but neurohormones can have a wide variety of action across many targets,
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Central nervous system
Controls the activities of the body, in the brain and spinal cord
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