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Xiomara Sanchez P3 Skeletal System - Coggle Diagram
Xiomara Sanchez P3 Skeletal System
Joints
Fibrous
Examples:
Suture between bones of skull,
joint between the distal ends
of tibia and fibula
Cartilaginous
Examples: Joints between the bodies of
vertebrae, pubic symphysis
Synovial
Examples: Saddle, hinge, condylar, synovial, fibrous, cartilaginous, ball-and-socket, plane, & pivot
Ball-and-socket
Examples: Shoulder, hip
Condylar
Examples: Joints between the
metacarpals and phalanges
Plane
Examples:
Joints between various bones
of wrist and ankle, sacroiliac
joints, joints between ribs 2 to
7 and sternum
Hinge
Examples: Elbow, joints of phalanges
Pivot
Examples: Joint between the atlas and
dens of the axis
Saddle
Examples: Joint between the carpal and
metacarpal of thumb
Movements allowed by Synovial Joints
Plane
Sliding or twisting
Hinge
Flexion and extension
Pivot
Rotation around a central
axis
Saddle
Variety of movements,
mainly in two planes
Condylar
Variety of movements in
two planes, but no rotation
Ball-and-socket
Movements in all planes,
including rotation
Synovial
free movement
Cartilaginous
Limited movement, as when
back is bent or twisted
Fibrous
None or slight twisting
Differences Between Female and Male Skeleton
Pelvic girdle
Difference
Female hip bones are lighter, thinner, and have less evidence of muscular
attachments. The female obturator foramina are triangular, whereas the male's
are oval. The female acetabula are smaller and the pubic arch is wider than
corresponding structures of a male.
Pelvic cavity
Difference
Female pelvic cavity is wider in all diameters and is shorter, roomier, and less
funnel-shaped. The distances between the female ischial spines and ischial
tuberosities are greater than in a male.
Sacrum
Female sacrum is wider, and the sacral curvature is bent more sharply posteriorly than in a male.
Coccyx
Female coccyx is more movable than that of a male.
Microscopic anatomy of bone tissue
Bone cells, called osteocytes, are located within chambers called lacunae
In compact bone, lacunae lie in concentric circles of matrix called lamellae
Lamellae are deposited around a cylindrical tube called a central (Haversian) canal; central canals contain blood vessels and nerves
Osteocytes pass nutrients and gases through the matrix via tiny canals called canalicul
Extracellular matrix of bone consists mainly of collagen and inorganic salts:
Collagen provides strength and resilience
•Inorganic salts (mostly calcium phosphate) provides hardness and resistance to crushing
Long bone
Expanded ends of bones that form joints with adjacent bones are called epiphyses
Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage) covers the epiphyses
A tough layer of dense connective tissue, called the periosteum, covers the bone, and is continuous with ligaments and tendons
The diaphysis contains a hollow chamber called the medullary cavity
The medullary cavity is lined with a thin layer of cells called the endosteum
The medullary cavity is filled with a special type of connective tissue called bone marrow
Spongy bone consists of many branching bony plates called
trabeculae
Names of all the bones
Upper Limb
Humerus (upper arm)
Radius (lateral forearm –thumb side)
Ulna (medial forearm –pinky side)
Carpals (wrist)
Metacarpals (palms)
Phalanges (fingers)
Lower Limb
Femur (thigh)
Tibia (shin bone –big toe side
Fibula (lateral lower leg bone –pinky toe side)
Patella (kneecap)
Tarsals (ankle)
Metatarsals (sole of foot)
Phalanges (toes)
Pectoral girdle (shoulder girdle)
Composed of 2 scapulae (shoulder blades) and 2 clavicles
(collarbones)
Pelvic Girdle
Consists of the 2 hip (coxal, pelvic, or innominate) bones
Coxal Bone
Each coxal bone is made up of 3 bones: ilium, ischium, and pubis
ilium:
largest and upper-most portion of the hip bone; features
include the iliac crest, sacroiliac joint, and the anterior superior
iliac spine
Ischium
forms the L-shaped, posterior portion, that supports
weight during sitting; features include the ischial tuberosity and
ischial spine
Pubis:
constitutes the anterior portion of each hip bone; the 2
pubic bones join at the pubic symphysis; other features include
the pubic arch, obturator foramen, and pelvic brim