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Childhood - Coggle Diagram
Childhood
Historical differences
16th-17th Century
Philippe Aries (1973), in Medieval times childhood didn't exist, children encouraged to work when out of infancy, miniature adults that take on adult roles & responsibility as soon as physically able
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19th Century
children commonly completing labour in factories & over areas, work as long and hard as adults, pushed into apprenticeships earning money as servant, punished to same level as adults for criminal activity
Edward Shorter
blames high infant mortality rates for parents indifference and neglect towards their children
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Mause
The further back in history you go, the lower the level in childcare
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'new sociology of childhood
Came into force in early 1990s, seen from point of view of children than adults, evident in UN 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child
Conflict sociologists
Modern childhood is based on false idealised ideas of children, characterised by inequality
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There are differences between adults and children, and children and children
Gender
Gender differences between children
- Mayer Hillman - boys more likely be allowed to cross or cycle or roads, use buses and go out after dark unaccompanied
- Jen Bonke - girls do more domestic labour, lone parent families they do 5x more than boys
Age
- Shulamith Firestone and John Holt - many things progress writers see as a care & protection are actually forms of oppression & control, Firestone argue protection from paid work stops children having independence, dependent on adults
- neglect & abuse, 2013 43,000 children subject to child protection plans
- controls over children's spaces, bodies, access to resources, and time
- Diata Gittins - age patriarchy, adult domination, child dependency
Ethnicity
- 90% of worlds low birth weight babies are born in developing countries
- Julia Brannen - study of 15-16yos found asian parents more likely to be strict towards daughters
- Ghazala Bhati - ideas of izzat family donor could be restriction, particular for girls
Class
- poor mothers more likely low-weight babies
- children of unskilled manual workers over 3x more likely to suffer from hyper-activity and 4x more likely to experience conduct disorders than those of professionals
- children into poor families more likely to die in finance or childhood, longstanding illness, fall behind in school, shorter in height, placed on child protection roster
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Cultural differences
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Punch
Study found responsibility at young age. Rural Bolivia, once 5 years old expected to take work in community, tasks without question or hesitation
Holmes
Samoan village found 'too young' not valid reason, even if task dangerous or heavy, if parent thinks can do then they do
Firth
Less value placed on children showing obedience to authority. Tikopia of Western Pacific, doing what is told by adult is not a right expected but a concession to be granted by child
Malinoswi
Sexual behaviour viewed differently. Trobriad Islanders of South-West Pacific, adults 'tolerance and amused interest' to sexual exploration & activities of children
Pilcher - seperateness
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Children mainly confined to home, family or school
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