Nadia’s Burn
Burns
Types
Definition
First-degree (superficial) burns:affect only the outer layer of skin, the epidermis. The burn site is red, painful, dry, and has no blisters. Mild sunburn is an example. Long-term tissue damage is rare.
Second-degree (partial thickness) burns: involve the epidermis and part of the lower layer of skin, the dermis. The burn site looks red, blistered, and may be swollen and painful.
Third-degree (full thickness) burns:destroy the epidermis and dermis. They may go into the innermost layer of skin, the subcutaneous tissue. The burn site may look white or blackened and charred and there will be no pain due to the destruction of the nerve endings.
Fourth-degree burns:go through both layers of the skin and underlying tissue as well as deeper tissue, possibly involving muscle and bone. There is no feeling in the area since the nerve endings are destroyed.
Blisters
can be
vesicles
bullae
Diameter < 0.5 cm
Diameter > 0.5 cm
Causes
Fire
Hot liquid or steam
Electrical currents
Sunlight or other sources of ultraviolet radiation
Radiation, such as that from X-rays
Chemicals such as strong acids, lye, paint thinner or gasoline
How to prevent Burns
Don't overload electrical outlets.
Prevent chemical burns by wearing protective clothing when you handle chemicals.
Never leave candles unattended
Don’t wear clothing with long, loose sleeves when you’re cooking.
Use sunblock
Before placing a child or infant in a bathtub, check the water temperature with your hand.
When cooking, keep pot handles turned inward on the stovetop and away from the edge of the stove.
Keep appliances unplugged when not in use.
an injury to the skin primarily caused by heat or due to radiation, radioactivity, electricity, friction or contact with chemicals.
Immune system
Tasks
To fight disease causing germs (pathogens) like: bacteria ,viruses ,parasites and fungi, and to remove them from the body
to recognise and neutralise harmful substance from the environment
To fight disease- causing changes in the body such as cancer cells
Divisions
Innate (non-specific) system
Adaptive (Specific) system
the defense system with which you were born. It protects you against all antigens.
the acquired immune system, is a subsystem of the immune system that is composed of specialized, systemic cells
Types of WBC
phagocytes
lymphocytes
Neutrophils
Macrophages
Dendritic cells
Monocytes
Mast cells
B lymphocyte
T lymphocyte
Cell death
Apoptosis
Necrosis
the process of programmed cell death. It is used during early development to eliminate unwanted cells.
is the death of body tissue. It occurs when too little blood flows to the tissue.
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Types
Coagulative
Fat necrosis
Caseous
Fibrinoid necrosis
Gangrenous necrosis
Infections
what they are
when pathogens enter the body, increase in number, and cause a reaction of the body
types
Based on pathogen- fungal, bacterial, viral, parasitic
Based on point of effect- systemic or localized
Signs & Symptoms
Inflammation.
Signs of inflammations
Swelling
Heat
Redness
Loss of function
Pain
Fever
Chills
Muscle & joint ache
Headache
Swollen lymph nodes
It is triggered by floating biochemical substances called pyrogens
Lymphatic System
purpose
It drains fluid (called lymph) that has leaked from the blood vessels into the tissues and empties it back into the bloodstream via the lymph nodes.
Lymphoid organs
Primary
Secondary
bone marrow and thymus
the spleen, lymph nodes, and MALT
where are the lymph nodes?
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Skin
Constituents
Dermis
Hypodermis
Epidermis
Provides a waterproof barrier
Creates our skin tone
Outermost layer
Beneath the epidermis
Hair follicles
Sweat glands
Tough connective tissue
Adipose and connective tissue
Capillaries and veins
Functions
Protection
Absorption
Excretion
Secretion
Regulation
Sensation
causes include
Bacteria
gram ve+
gram ve-
surrounded by a thin peptidoglycan cell wall, which itself is surrounded by an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide
lack an outer membrane but are surrounded by layers of peptidoglycan many times thicker than is found in the Gram-negatives.
Affects
Healing
types
regeneration
fibrosis
The complete restoration of organ structure and function after an injury to the structure.
Uses the same cells as the original structure
involves replacing parenchyma tissue with connective tissues, leading to the formation of permanent scar tissue.
Original function of structure may be compromised.
Complications
include
Infections
Edema
Periwound dermatitis
Complications
Physical
Bacterial Infections
Metabolic abnormalities
Keloids
Low body temperature
Tightening of skin
Fluid loss
Psychological
Social
Depression
Anxiety
PTSD
Stares
Nosy questions or comments
Bullying and teasing
nervousness in social settings
isolation
includes
Staphylococcus
Characteristics
Non-motile
Non-spore forming
Facultative anaerobes
Form grape clusters or clumps
β- haemolytic
Catalase-positive
types
Staphylococcus aureus
Broad spectrum of clinical syndromes
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Medical device related infections
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Urinary tract infections
Penicillin
Natural
penicillins
Antistaphylococcal penicillin
Extended spectrum penicillins
Penicillin G
Narrow spectrum (Gram - positive) , Acid labile, rapid renal excretion , degraded by B- lactamase
uses
This medication is used to treat a wide variety of bacterial infections
Healing
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could be
important in
factor in determining which occurs
such as
mature in