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Denise Juarez P.2 Skeletal System - Coggle Diagram

- - - - bones united by cartilage
      - Synchondroses: ball or plate of hyaline cartilage unites bones (ex. cartilage of 1st rib with manubrium of sternum)
      - Symphyses: fibrocartilage unites bone symphysis joint (ex.intervertebral joints, pubic symphysis)
      - not highly movable
    - - bones seperated by fluid filled joint cavity
      - freely movable
      - 6 general features: articular cartilage, joint (synovial) cavity, articular capsule, synovial fluid, different reinforcing ligaments, nerves and blood vessels
      - 6 different types:
        
        Pivot (rotation)
        
        (ex. ulna &radius)
        
        Hinge (flexion & extension)
        
        (ex. elbow, knee, humerus/ radius)
        
        Condylar (flexion & extension, adduction &abduction )
        
        (ex. phalanges, metacarpals, wrist joints)
        
        Saddle (flexion & extension, adduction &abduction)
        
        (ex.metacarpals, trapezium, joints of thumbs)
        
        Plane (gliding)
        
        (ex. carpals, metacarpals, joints between vertebral articular surfaces)
        
        Ball- and- Socket (flexion & extension, adduction &abduction, rotation)
        
        (ex. shoulder joints and hip joints)
    - - joined by dense fibrous connective tissue
      - most immovable
      - Syndesmoses
        
        bones connected by ligaments, bands of fibrous tissue (ex. the tibia connects to the fibula )
      - Gomphoses
        
        peg in socket joints (ex. the roots of the teeth fit into their sockets in the mandible and maxilla)
      - Suture
        
        interlocking joints of skull (ex. fibrous joints, sagittal suture )
- - - - structural unit of compact bone
      - elongated cylinder which runs parallel to long axis of bone
      - several rings of bone matrix called lamellae
    - - central canals run through core of osteon
        
        perforating canals are lined with the endosteum that occurs at right angles to central canal
        
        Canaliculi: hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and to central canal
  - - - Mature bone cells in lacunae which no longer divide
      - Maintain bone matrix and act as stress or strain sensors
    - - Flat cells on bone surfaces believed to also help maintain matrix
    - - Bone forming cells that secrete unmineralized bone matrix
      - Osteoblasts are actively mitotic
    - - Giant, multinucleate cells function in bone resorption (breakdown)
      - cells located in depressions called resorption bays
      - ruffled borders increase surface area for enzyme
        degradation of bone
      - from white blood cell lineage
    - - switches into osteoblasts or bone-lining cells some remain as osteogenic stem cells
      - Mitotically active stem cells in periosteum and endosteum
- - - - bone is compressed
    - - epiphysis separates from diaphysis along epiphyseal plate
    - - breaks into multiple pieces
    - - bone portion is pressed inward
    - - fracture sloped up/down at angle or curves
    - - bone breaks incompletely, common in children
    - - fracture spirals around bone, excessive twisting force
    - - fracture occurs at exact 90 degree horizontal angle
    - - ligament or tendon pulls away from attachment of bone
    - - occurs in middle of bone when driven into itself and buckles
    - - incomplete bone fracture, multiple small lines, do not pass through entire bone
  - - - Torn blood vessels form mass of clotted blood
      - Site is swollen, painful, and inflamed
    - - Fibroblasts, cartilage, and osteogenic cells begin reconstruction of bone
      - Capillaries grow into hematoma, phagocytic cells clear debris, collagen fibers break and connect broken
        ends
    - - Callus is converted to bony (hard) callus of spongy bone
      - Bony callus formation continues for about 2 months until firm union forms
    - - Excess material on diaphysis exterior and within medullary cavity is removed
      - Compact bone is laid down to reconstruct shaft walls
- - - - Frontal Bone (forehead)
      - Occipital bone (back of head)
      - Maxilla
      - Parietal
      - Mandible
      - Nasal
      - Vomer
      - Sphenoid
      - Zygomatic
    - - True ribs 1-7
      - False ribs 8-10
      - Sternum
      - Floating last 2
    - - thoracic vertebrae 12
      - lumbar vertebrae 5
      - sacrum
      - coccyx
      - cervical vertebrae 7
      - atlas
      - axis
      - hyoid
  - - - clavicle
      - scapula
      - humerus
      - radius
      - ulna
      - carpals
      - metacarpals
      - phalanges
    - - patella
      - tibia
      - femur
      - fibula
      - coxal bone
      - tarsals
      - phalanges
      - metatarsals
      - talus
      - calcaneus
- - - - movement in one plane
    - - movement in two planes
    - - slipping movements only
    - - movement in or around all three planes
  - - - Increase or decrease angle between two bones
      - Movement along sagittal plane
      - Hyperextension:
        
        movement beyond the anatomical position
      - Flexion:
        
        decreases the angle of the joint
      - Extension:
        
        increases the angle of the joint
      - Abduction:
        
        movement along frontal plane, away from the midline
      - Adduction:
        
        movement along frontal plane, toward the midline
      - Circumduction:
        
        Involves flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction of limb
    - - turning of bone around its own long axis, toward midline or away from it
      - Lateral
        
        rotation away from midline
      - Medial
        
        rotation toward midline
    - - One flat bone surface glides or slips over another
      - gliding movements at wrist
- - - - osteomalacia of children, bowed legs, bone deformities, bone ends are enlarged and abnormally long, vitamin deficiency
    - - bones poorly mineralized, soft weak bones, pain upon bearing weight