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Trees - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Synapomorphy
      - All with vascular tissue
      - Cell types varies
    - - Tracheid
        
        Annular thick
        
        cooksonia
        
        true tracheid
      - Early tracheid
        
        Water transport only
    - - Early vascular group
      - towering forests during carboniferous
  - - - Poikilohydric
        
        water content changes due to surnding enviro
    - - Water conducting cell
        
        No plasmodesmata
        
        Aid in refilling from cavitation
      - Apomorphic trait
        
        Same function but different origin to vascular tissue
    - - Die at maturity
      - Thick lignin walls
        
        waterproofing
        
        Structural support
    - - Angiosperms
      - Large diameter
      - Dead and maturity
  - - - Aligned along longitudinal arrays
    - - Sieve plate
        
        sieve pore
      - Smooth ER + Mitochondria
      - Living protoplasts at maturity
    - - Same mother cell
      - Sieve cells and albuminous cells
        
        Transport
        
        hormone
        
        electric signal
        
        photosynthate
    - - connected sieve tube to comp cell
      - one pore in sieve area branches into many comp cell #
    - - P-proteins plug pores in response to leakage
      - Forisomes = Legumes + plug pores
      - Sieve element plastids
    - - Vacuole
      - Nucleus
      - Mitochondria
  - - - Complexity
      - stem diameter
      - Plant height
      - Led to compartmentalization
      - Woody habitat
    - - Protostele
        
        Earliest, solid vascular strand
        
        phloem surrounds xylem
      - Siphonostele
        
        Ring of phloem, xylem, pith
      - Eustele
        
        Most complex
        
        Strands of phloem, xylem; separated by parenchyma
        
        Progymnosperm
    - - Protostele
        
        most ancestral type of stem vasculature; Exarch
    - - Siphonostele
        
        xylem surrounded by phloem; Endarch
    - - Atactostele
        
        Many vascular bundles in stem
      - no pith
      - vascular bundles surrounded by sclerenchyma; bundle sheath
    - - Eustele
        
        phloem outside xylem
        
        bundle separated by parenchyma
      - Enarch
        
        metaxylem outside protoxylem
      - Vascular bundle supported by sclerenchyma, bundle cap
    - - Mesarch
        
        protoxylem surrounded by metaxylem; siphono
      - Endarch
        
        protoxylem in middle; eustele, ectactoslete
      - Exarch
        
        Protoxylem outside metaxylem; protostele
  - - - Periderm= phellem - cork
      - Outer bark, innerbark=phloem and cortex
      - Phellem=cork cambium. Phelloderm
    - - Lepido: Carboniferous, vascular cambium internally
      - Archaeopteris: Devonian/carbonifer, reproduced via spores
      - Extant lineage: Lycophtes and Euphyllophyte
    - - Fusiform: Stemcell, xylem and ploem, fasicu-cambium
    - - Sap: Water trasport
      - Heart: Storage, no water trasport
    - - SW: Tracheids only, little room for fibers, gymno
      - HW: Vessel elements, more fiber space, angio
- - - - Lower potential when its btwn iron
    - - Adhesion of water to nondissolved structure
      - Soil negative
    - - moves from less neg to more neg
- - - - Uni-multicellular
      - Anchorage
      - Mineral uptake
    - - No stomata, chlorophyll
      - No root cap
      - Extant lyco: bifurcating, with root hair
  - - - independly, evolved= lyco + euphyllophyte
    - - pluripotent, inside endoderm
    - - Single cell
      - water vis osmosis; hypo-hyper
      - short-lived
    - - Casparian strip = water thru cell membrane
  - - - endodermis-casparian strip
- - - - Euphylls
        
        Overlapping, planation,webbing
    - - 2 epidermal cells grow to form leaf pair
    - - true leaves= lyco, microphylls/lyco
      - Euphyllophytes= independent
  - - - Photosynthesis + chloroplast
    - - flexible support, bundle sheath of vein
    - - Protecting internal tissue
    - - Xylem, phloem, in vein
  - - - Mesophyll has palisade=photosynthasis
    - - Adaxial=outer
      - Abaxial=towards stem