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Chidubem Adinna p.5 Skeletal - Coggle Diagram
Chidubem Adinna
p.5
Skeletal
ALL Bones
Hips: Coxal bone(pelvis), illium(upper pelvis), ischium (lower pelvis), coccyx(tail bone), pubis
Legs/Feet: Phalanges (Toes), Metatarsals, Tarsals(ankle and heels), Tibia(shin), Fibula, Femur (thigh)
Face/Skull bone cont.: Maxilla (upper jaw), mandible(lower jaw), nasal(nose bridge), vomer(divides nasal cavity), ethmoid(upper nasal cavity), sphenoid(cranium base), palatine
Arms/Hands: Phalanges(fingers), Metacarpals(palm), Carpals(wrist), Radius(thumb side forearm bone), Ulna (pinky side forearm bone), Humerus(elbow/upperarm)
Spine: Atlas(highest bone), axis(2nd highest), cervical vertebrae(neck bones), thoracic vertebrae(torso bones), lumbar vertebrae(lower back), sacrum(lowest spine)
Head: Frontal(forehead), Occipital(back of skull), temporal(side of skull), parietal(top of skull), Saggital suture( middle of parietal), Coronal suture, squamous suture, lambdoid suture
Torso: Sternum(breast bone), True ribs(upper 7 ribs), false ribs(lower 5 ribs), floating ribs(ribs not connected to sternum), clavicle (collar bone), scapula(shoulder blades)
Bone Types
Long Bone: long and thin bones located in the limbs
ex. arms and legs
Short bone: Small and cube shaped bones
ex. wrists and ankles
Flat Bone: Flattened bones with a broad surface
ex. Ribs and skull bones
Irregular bone: Bones with shapes not belonging to the other categories
ex. Vertebrae
Disorders/Diseases
Osteoarthritis: A disease caused by a worn down protective cartilages (more common in females)
symptoms: Tenderness, stiffness and bone spurs
treatments: prescriptions, surgery, physical therapy
caused by: old age and obesity
Osteogenisis Imperfecta: Genetic disorder that creates brittle bones
symptoms: blue sclera, hearing loss, micrognathia
treatments: bone marrow transplant, improved nutrion
causes/risks: frequent fractures and easy bruising
Osteosarcoma: Malignant bone tumors
symptoms: Bone fracture, tenderness, redness
treatments: surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy
causes/risks: hereditary, age, unrelated radiotherapy
Osteo myelitis: bone infection
symptoms: chills, fever, and heat
treatments: antibiotics, amputation, surgical drainage
causes/risks: puncture infection, circulatory disorders, direct contamination
Paget's Disease: Metabolic bone disease that affects bone breakdown and rebuilding
symptoms: hip pain, hearing loss/headache, limb bone deformity
treatments: medication, joint replacement, surgery
causes/risks: hereditary, unknown causes, age (40+)
male & female bone
Female: Pubis has wider angle, bones not as dense
Male: bones & joint surfaces more robust and large, pubis has smaller angle,
Bone remodeling:
Bone Deposit: new matrix is deposited by osteoblasts
Bone resorption: osteoclasts digging depressions/grooves and breaking down matrix, secretes lysomal enzymes and protons that digest materials and converts calcium salts to soluble forms
Bone fracture repair: fractures in youth is caused by trauma while fractures in elderly is caused by bone weakness and bone thinning
Types
:
Comminuated
(bone fragments in 3+ pieces), compression(bone is crushed),
spiral
(ragged fracture caused by twisting force on bone),
depressed
(broken bone pressed inward),
greenstick
(incomplete break with one side broken and the other bends)
Classification
:
nondisplaced
(end remains in normal position) and
displaced
(ends are out of normal alignment),
complete
(broken all the way through) and
incomplete
(not broken all the way through),
open/compound
(skin is penetrated) and
closed/simple
(skin isn't penetrated)
Joints
Synarthroses: immovable joints
Amphiarthroses: slightly movable joints
Diarthroses: movable joints
Fibrous(sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses): joined by fibrous CT, no joint cavity, mostly immovable
ex. skull sutures, tooth sockets, interosessous membrane
Cartilagenous(sychondroses and symphses): bones joined by cartilage; no joint cavity; low movability
ex. 1st rib cartilage and pubic symphsis
Synovial: free movement; limb joints; separated by fluid filled joint cavities
ex. ball and socket joint, saddle joint, hinge joint, and pivot joint
Synovial movements
Rotation
: turning bones around long axis toward(
medial rotation
) or away(
lateral rotation
) from midline
Gliding
: One flat bone surface gliding/slipping over another similar structure (ex. wrists and vertebrae)
Angular
: increase(
extension
) or decrease(
flexion
) of an angle between 2 bones.
Movements:
abduction
(away from midline),
adduction
(toward midline),
circumduction
(angular limb motion in a cone shape),
hyperextension
(extension beyond anatomical position),
hyperflexion
(flexion beyond anatomical position)
Special
:
supination
(rotating palms anteriorly) and
pronation
(rotating palms posteriorly),
dorsiflexion
(bending foot toward shin) and
plantarflexion
(pointing toes),
inversion
(sole of foot faces medially) and
eversion
(sole of foot faces laterally),
protraction
(mandible jutting out) and
retraction
(mandible pulled toward neck),
elevation
(lifting body part superiorly) and
depression
(lowering body part),
opposition
(thumb movement toward other fingertips)
Long bone anatomy
Proximal & Distal Epiphysis: spongy bone, redbone marrow, epiphysial line, articular cartilage, compact bone
Dyaphsis: Medullary cavity, yellow bone marrow, periosteum, compact bone, articular cartilage
Microscopic Bone anatomy
Cells
: 1.
Osteogenic cells
(mitotically active stem cells that turn into
osteo blasts
or bone lining cells), osteoblast(secretes unmineralized bone matrix; actively mitotic),
Others
:
Compact bone
(lamellar bone made of osteons, canals/canaliculi, and interstitial circumferential lamellae),
Osteon/Haversian system
(structural unit of compact bone; has osteon cylinder consisting of lamellae),
canals
(central canal that runs through osteon core consisting of blood vessels and nerve fibers; perforating canal at right angles to central canal and connects blood vessels and nerves)
lacunae
(contain osteocutes)
canaliculi
( hair-like canals that connect lacunae)
spongy bone
(helps bone resist stress; trabeculae confer strength to bones)