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EXAM III - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Evolved into Tracheary Elements
        
        Die at maturity
        
        Xylem evolution was a stepwise progress
        
        Rhynia
        
        Vascular tissue not lignified yet
        
        Lignified trachieds
        
        Annular cell wall
        
        Helical cell wall
        
        Horneophyton
        
        Partially thickened
        
        During Devonian period...
        
        Increase in tracheid size
        
        Increase in tracheid reinforcement
        
        Increase in xylem content
        
        Early tracheid's specialize in water transport only
        
        Relatively long and wide
        
        True Tracheids #
        
        6 more items...
        
        Ferns
        
        tracheid's + vessel elements found in rhizomes
        
        Lignified
        
        Thickened Lignin walls
        
        Water-proofing
        
        Structural support
  - - - Mitochondria
      - Plastids
      - ER vesicles
      - Sieve cells and albuminous cells
        
        Earlier lineages with transitional sieve elements
        
        Sieve area pores are narrow
        
        Only found in gymnosperms
        
        Uniform sieve areas
        
        Mostly on ends
        
        Lacks sieve plate
        
        Transport of:
        
        Hormones
        
        Electric signals
        
        Photosynthate
        
        Sieve tube element
        
        Primary cell wall
        
        Living protoplasts at maturity
        
        Few organelles (ER)
        
        Many sieve tube elements together = sieve tube
        
        Callose and callose plugs
        
        Sieve plate
        
        Area with many sieve pores
        
        Usually on end wall
        
        Sieve tube element & companion cells
        
        Sieve tube elements
        
        P protein
        
        Plastid
        
        Lateral sieve area
        
        Smooth ER
        
        Sieve plate
        
        Sieve pore
        
        Mitochondria
        
        Sieve tube contents
        
        Sieve elements plastids
        
        Mitochondria, but very few
        
        Forisomes
        
        2 more items...
        
        Endoplasmic reticulum
        
        2 more items...
        
        P-proteins help to plug pores when leaking
        
        Companion cell
        
        Vacuole
        
        Nucleus
        
        Branched plasmodesmata
        
        Connections
        
        3 more items...
        
        Mitochondria
        
        Transport of
        
        Hormones
        
        Electric signals
        
        Photosynthate
    - - Mix vascular and cytoplasmic contents
  - - - Root with pith
      - Stem without pith
    - - Stem with pith
      - Root without pith
    - - Plant height increased
      - Compartmentalization
      - Increased stem diameter
      - Selected for a woody habit
      - 3 major stele types
        
        Siphonostele
        
        Ring of phloem & xylem separated by parenchyma
        
        Eustele
        
        Strands of phloem & xylem separated by parenchyma
        
        Progymnosperms
        
        Most complex
        
        Protostele
        
        Solid vascular strand
        
        Phloem surrounds xylem or interspersed
        
        Earliest
        
        Archs
        
        Exarch
        
        Protoxylem outside metaxylem
        
        Lycophytes
        
        Endarch #
        
        Protoxylem in middle
        
        Ferns (siphonostele)
        
        Based on xylem maturation
        
        Protoxylem
        
        1st xylem to mature
        
        Smaller in diameter
        
        Metaxylem
        
        Develops later
        
        Usually larger diameter
        
        Mesarch
        
        Protoxylem surrounded by metaxylem
  - - - Carboniferous period greatly drained atmospheric CO2
      - Water demand is high
      - Amount of water loss per carbon gained increased
      - Selection Pressure for wood
        
        Higher rates of transpiration
        
        More xylem
        
        Xylem is wider & longer conduits
        
        Likely evolved 5 times
        
        Increased competition for light selected for
        
        Taller plants
        
        More developed tree canopies
        
        Loss of secondary growth (monocots)
        
        Plants with secondary growth undergo:
        
        Growth in girth
        
        Produce secondary:
        
        Phloem (inner bark)
        
        Ground Tissue (rays)
        
        Xylem (wood)
        
        Complex plant development
        
        Continuous circular ring growth
        
        Vascular cambium
        
        Ray initals
        
        Stem cells
        
        Ray cells
        
        Interfascicular cambium
        
        Periclinal Division
        
        More xylem & phloem
        
        Fusiform Initials
        
        Xylem and Phloem
        
        Fascicular Cambium
        
        Stem cells
        
        Anticlinal Division
        
        Wider circle of vascular cambium
        
        Early VS. Late wood
        
        Larger elements to smaller elements
        
        3 more items...
- - - - Due to polarity
      - Attracted to other substances
      - Potential for water to react or move
      - Lower Potential when its surrounded by ions
      - Water potential
        
        Based on the free energy of water
        
        Water moves from less negative water potential to more negative areas
        
        Components
        
        Osmotic potential
        
        Adding solutes decreases water's free energy, so osmotic potential is always negative
        
        Matric potential
        
        Adhesion to structures such as cell walls, membranes, and soil particles
        
        Adhesion can only decrease water's free energy, so matric potential is always negative
        
        Significant only outside living systems on very dry soils
        
        Adhesion of water molecules to nondissolved structures
        
        Pressure potential
        
        If water is under pressure, both pressure potential and water potential increase
        
        In turgid plant cells; positive value
        
        Xylem cells negative due to tension
        
        Hydrostatic pressure exerted on water in a cell
        
        Water at atmospheric pressure has 0 pressure potential
- - - - Upright stem, prostrate stems, downward stems
    - - Intact epidermis covered root tip
        
        Anticlinal divisions only
      - Independent evolution of
        
        Endodermis
        
        Root cap
      - Without root hairs
    - - Similar to roots
        
        No chlorophyll
        
        No stomata
        
        Develops gravitropically
      - No root cap
      - Lateral stigmarian rootlets
        
        Root hairs, mixed reports
        
        Highly branched
      - Lycophyte
        
        Root hairs
        
        No quiescent center
        
        Bifurcating
      - Dichotomous rooting system
    - - Similar genes across plant taxa
      - Similar genes in shoot to root
      - Diversity of arrangement used to infer phylogeny
        
        Number of initial cells differ
    - - Anchorage
      - Some with mineral uptake
      - Uni-multicellular projections
      - Genes
        
        Predates land plants
        
        Helps develop root hair
  - - - Primary
        
        Main root
        
        Dominant in eudicot
        
        Derived from radicle
        
        Ephemeral in monocots
      - Lateral
        
        Adventitious
        
        dominant in monocot
        
        Derived from stems and taxa
        
        Seminal
        
        Derived from mesocotyl
      - Plan
        
        Functions
        
        Absorb water
        
        Absorb dissolved minerals
        
        Anchorage
        
        Features
        
        Pericycle
        
        Initiation of lateral root development
        
        Just inside the endodermis
        
        Pluripotent
        
        Endodermis
        
        Prevents apoplastic movement of water
        
        Forces water through membranes to be filtered
        
        Casparian Strip
        
        Root cap
        
        Protect underlying tissues
        
        Cells that slough off
        
        Evolved independently
        
        Secrete mucilage
        
        Root hairs
        
        Major absorption of water and minerals
        
        Via osmosis from soil to root
        
        Single celled
        
        Delicate and short-lived
        
        Apical meristem
        
        Quiescent center
        
        Backup plan
        
        Maintains initial cells
        
        Rarely divides
        
        Behind root cap
        
        Cortex
        
        Outer layers show:
        
        Hypodermis
        
        Exodermis
        
        Casparian strip
        
        Suberized lamella
        
        Storage
        
        Bound by endodermis and epidermis
- - - - Low stomatal densities
        
        Increase permit greater evaporative cooling
      - Low capacities for water uptake prior to root evolution
      - High atmospheric global temperatures
      - Lacking efficient vascular transport in leaves
        
        Burn up leaf
        
        Vascular cambium
      - Optimal light interception
        
        Leaves initiated in regular patterns around stem
        
        Optimize light interception for photosynthesis
        
        Intermediate growth proceeded leaf development
        
        Enation theory
        
        Vascular strands entered later
        
        Fossils consistent
        
        Progressive elaboration of epidermal outgrowths
        
        Living evidence
        
        2 epidermal cells grow to form leaf pair
        
        Lycophyte leaves
        
        Zimmerman Telome theory
        
        Planation
        
        Flattening of axes into 2 dimensions
        
        Webbing
        
        Develop thin tissue between axes of branches
        
        Branches becomes veins
        
        Webbing becomes mesophyll
        
        Overtopping
        
        Unequal branching
        
        By Devonian period, euphylls widespread
        
        Evolution of euphylls
    - - Aerenchyma
        
        Specialized parenchyma
        
        Contains air spaces from cells being digested
        
        Ground tissue
        
        permits gas exchange
        
        Large air pockets for buoyancy in aquatic plants
      - Collenchyma
        
        Thickened primary cell walls
        
        Functions in flexible support
        
        Ground tissue
        
        Found in bundle sheath of veins in some species
      - Chlorenchyma
        
        Specialized parenchyma
        
        Contains chloroplasts
        
        Ground tissue
        
        Main function is photosynthesis
      - Vascular tissue
        
        Phloem
        
        Sieve tube elements / sieve cells
        
        Companion cells / albuminous cells
        
        Photosynthate transport
        
        In veins
        
        Xylem
        
        Tracheids
        
        Water transport
      - Epidermis
        
        Guard cells
        
        Often cutenized
        
        Epidermal cells
        
        Protecting internal tissues
        
        Dermal tissue