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Evelyn Santiago P2 - Skeletal System - Coggle Diagram
Evelyn Santiago P2 - Skeletal System
All Bones
Appendicular Skeleton
Lower limb
femur
fibula
tibia
tarsal
calcaneus
talus
metatarsal
phalanges
patella
Upper limb
ulna
humerus
radius
carpal
metacarpal
scapula
clavical
Axial Skeleton
Skull
maxilla
mandible
temporal
zygomatic
parietal
nasal
frontal
Thoraic
sternum
ribs
scapula
clavical
Vertebral
cervical
atlas
axis
thoraic
lumbar
sacrum
coccyx
coxal bone
Anatomy of long bone
all long bones have shaft (diaphysis), bone ends (epiphyses), & membranes
Diaphysis : tubular shaft that forms long axis of bone
consist of compact bone surrounding central medullary cavity
filled w/ yellow marrow in adults
Epiphyses: bone ends that consist of compact bone externally, spongy bone internally
articular cartilage covers articular (joint) surfaces
between diaphysis and epiphysis is epiphyseal line
Joints(articulation) - site where 2+ bones meet; gives sklton mobility & hold
Structural - what material binds joints, presence of cavity
Cartilaginous (united by cartilage)
Symphyses
fibrocartilage unites bone in symphysis joint
strong, amphiarthrotic (slightly movable) joints
Synchondroses
bar/plate of hyaline cartilage - unite bones
almost all are synarthrotic (immovable)
Examples
temporary epiphyseal plate joints -> synostoses
cartilage of 1st rib w/ manubrium of sternum
Fibrous
No joint cavity
most immovable
bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue
3 types
Syndesmoses
fiber length varies = movement varies
short : little to no movement
long: movement
bones connected by ligaments, bands of fibrous tissue
Gomphoses
ex: teeth in alveolar sockets
fibrous connection is periodontal ligament
peg-in-socket joints
Sutures
middle age, sutures ossify and fuse
immovable joints joint skull into 1 unit: protect brain
Synostoses: closed immovable sutures
rigid interlocking joints of skull (growth during youth)
Synovial
bones separated by fluid-filled joint cavity
all are diarthrotic (freely movable)
almost all limb joints
Characteristics
6 features
articular cartilage - hyaline @ ends of bones; prevents bone crushing
Joint (synovial) cavity : small fluid filled potential space
articular (joint) capsule : 2 layers thick
external fibrous layer : dense irregular connective tissue
Inner synovial membrane : loose connective tissue=synovial fluid
synovial fluid: viscous, slippery filtrate of plasma & hyaluronic acid
lubricates and nourishes articular cartilage
contains phagocytic cells
different types of reinforcing ligaments
capsular: thickened part of fibrous layer
extracapsular: outside the capsule
intracapsular: deep to capsule; covered by synovial membrane
nerves & blood vessels
bursae & tendon sheaths
Bursae : reduce friction where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together
tendon sheaths: elongated bursae wrapped completely around tendons subjected to friction
stability (3 factor influence)
several types of movements
6 different types
plane
hinge
pivot
condylar
saddle
ball-and-socket
Functional - based on movement joint allows
Synarthroses
Amphiarthroses
Diarthroses
Disorders/Diseases
Osteomalacia and rickets
Osteomalacia
bones are poorly mineralized
osteoid is produced, calcium salts not deposited
Rickets
Cause: Vitamin D deficiency
results in bowed legs and other deformities
paget's disease
excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption cause bone to grow fast and develop poorly
Types of Bones
Short bones
cube-shaped bones
sesamoid bones form w/in tendons
vary in size and number
Flat bones
thin flat slightly curved
sternum, scapulae, ribs, most skull bones
Long Bones
longer than they are wide
limb bones
Irregular bones
complicate shapes
vertebrae and hip bones
Microscopic anatomy of bone tissue
Cells of bone tissue ( 5 major cell types)
Osteogenic cells
aka osteoprogenitor cells
mitotically active stem cells in periosteum and endosteum
stimulated, differentiate into osteoblasts or bone-lining cells
some remain as osteogenic stem cells
Osteoblasts
bone-forming cells that secrete unmineralized bone matrix osteoid
actively mitotic
Osteocytes
mature bone cells in lacunae that no longer divide
maintain bone matrix and act as stress or strain stressors
Bone-lining cells
flat cells on bone surface believed to also help maintain matrix
Osteoclasts
derived from same hematopoietic stem cells -> macrophages
giant multinucleate cells function in bone resorption
active cells location in depressions called resorption bays
Compact Bone
aka lamellar bone
osteon (haversian system)
canals and canaliculi
interstitial and circumferential lamellae
Bone remodeling (consist of bone deposit and bone resorption)
remodeling units: packets of adjacent osteoblasts & osteoclasts coordinate process
occurs @ surface of both periosteum & endosteum
Remodeling
Bone Deposit : New bone matrix is deposited by osteoblasts
Resorption (function of osteoclasts)
acidity converts calcium salts to soluble forms
secrete lysosomal enzymes and protons that digest matric
dig depressions or grooves as they break down matrix
Movements allowed by Synovial Joints
all muscles attach to bone or connective tissue at no fewer than 2 points
Origin: attachment to immovable bone
Insertion: attachment to movable bone
muscle contraction: insertion -> origin
Movements occur: transverse, frontal, sagittal planes
Range of motion
Nonaxial: slipping movements only
uniaxial: movement in one plane
biaxial: movement in two planes
multiaxial: movement in or around all 3 planes
3 general movements
Gliding
one flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface
examples
intercarpal joints
intertarsal joints
between articular processes of vertebrae
Angular movements
increase or decrease angle between two bones
movement along sagittal plane
angular movements
Extension: increase the angle of joint
hyperextension: movement beyond the anatomical position
Flexion : decrease angle of joint
Abduction : movement along frontal plane, away from midline
Adduction: movement along frontal plane, toward the midline
circumduction
involves flexion, abduction, extension and adduction of limb
limb describes cone in space
rotation
turning bone around its own long axis; toward midline or away from it
medial: toward midline
lateral: away from midline
Special movements
Supination: palms face anteriorly; radius and ulna paralleled
pronation: palms face posteriorly; radius rotates over ulna
Dorsiflexion: bending foot toward shin
plantar flexion: pointing toes
Inversion: sole of foot faces medially
Eversion: sole of foot faces laterally
Protraction: mandible juts out
Retraction: mandible is pulled out toward neck
Elevation and depression of mandible
elevation: lifting body part superiorly
Depression: lowering body part
Opposition: movement of thumb
Bone fracture repair
Fibrocartilaginous callus formation
capillaries grow into hematoma
phagocytic cells clear debris
fibroblasts secrete collagen fibers to span break and connect broken ends
fibroblasts, cartilage, and osteogenic cells begin reconstruction of bone
bony callus formation
w/in one week, new trabeculae appear in fibrocartilaginous callus
callus is converted to bony(hard) callus of spongy bone
Hematoma formation
torn blood vessels hemorrhage, forming mass of clotted blood (hematoma)
site is swollen, painful, and inflamed
bone remodeling
beings during bony callus formation and continues for several months
excess material on diaphysis exterior and w/in medullary cavity removed
compact bone is laid down to reconstruct shaft walls