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Kayla Lay Per 2 Skeletal System - Coggle Diagram
Kayla Lay Per 2 Skeletal System
Microscopic anatomy of bone tissue
Osteocytes
mature bone cells in lacunae that no longer divide
maintain bone matrix and act as stress or strain sensors
respond to mechanical stimuli
communicate info to osteoblasts and osteoclasts for bone remodeling
Bone-lining cells
flat cells on bone surfaces believed to help maintain matrix
Osteoblasts
bone-forming cells that secrete unmineralized bone matrix called osteoid
actively mitotic
osteoid made up of collagen and calcium-binding proteins
Osteoclasts
giant, multinucleate cells function in bone resorption
when active, cells located in depressions called resorption bays
derived from same hematopoietic stem cells that become macrophages
ruffled borders that serve to increase surface area for enzyme degration
helps seal off area from surrounding matrix
Osteogenic cells
when stimulated, differentiate into osteblasts or bone lining cells
some remain as osteogenic stem cells
mitotically active stem cells in periosteum and endosteum
Compact bone- lamellar bone
Osteon (Haversian system)
elongated cylinder that runs parallel to long axis of bone
several rings of bone matrix called lamellae
lamellae contain collagen fibers
withstands stress and resist twisting
Canals (blood vessels and nerves) and canaliculi
lacunae: small cavities that contain osteocytes
canaliculi: hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and central canal
perforating (volkmann's) canals- lined with endosteum that occur at right angles to central canal
osteoblasts that secrete bone matrix maintain contact with each other and osteocytes via cell projections with gap junctions
central (haversian) canal- runs through core of osteon
matrix hardens and cells are trapped the canaliculi form
Spongy bone
organized along lines of stress to help bone resist any stress
trabeculae confer strength to bone
Long Bone Anatomy
Epiphyseal line- remnant area that contained hyaline cartilage that grew during childhood
Red bone marrow- contain red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets
Spongy bone- light, honeycomb structure called trabeculae
Compact bone- dense, closely packed osteons for protection
Articular cartilage- smooth, durable covering at ends
Medullary cavity- hollow part that contains bone marrow
Diaphysis- shaft; central part
Yellow bone marrow- contains fat and stem cells for energy
Epiphysis- end part
Periosteum-membrane of blood vessels and nerves that covers outside of compact bone
Endosteum- membrane lining inner surface of compact bone inside
Bone disorders and diseases
Rickets- osteomalacia of children
vitamin D deficiency or insufficient dietary calcium
bowed legs and other bone deformities b/c bones ends
are enlarged and abnormally long
Osteoporosis- group of diseases in which bone resorption exceeds deposit
matrix remains normal, but bone mass declines
most often aged, postmenopausal women
traditional treatments: calcium, vitamin D supplements, weight bearing exercise, hormone replacement therapy
other treatments: bisphosphonates (decrease osteoclast activity and number); denosumab (monoclonal antibody and improve bone density)
Osteomalacia- soft, weak bones
osteoid produced, but calcium salts not adequately deposited
bones poorly mineralized
Paget's disease
excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption cause bone to grow fast and develop poorly
treatment: calcitonin and bisphosphonates
Differences between male and female skeleton
Pelvic inlet and outlet
Female- pelvis inlet is round shaped and larger; wider outlet for birth
Male- pelvis inlet is heart shaped and smaller; narrow outlet
Pubic Angles
Female- obtuse angle
Male- acute angle
Length of ischial spine
Female- shorter and farther apart
Male- longer and closer together
Length of coccyx bone
Male- wide, curve, long
Female- straight, narrow, short
Movement allowed by Synovial Joints
all muscles attach to bone or connective tissue
Origin: attachment to immovable bone
Insertion: attachment to movable bone
range of motion
Uniaxial: movement in one plane
Biaxial: movement in two planes
Nonaxial: slipping movements only
Multiaxial: movement in or around all three planes
three general types
Angular movements
increase or decrease angle between two bones; along sagittal plane
Flexion: decrease angle of joint
Extension: increase angle of joint
Hyperextension: movement beyond anatomical position
along frontal plane
Adduction: toward midline
Circumduction: flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction of limb; limb describes cone in space
Abduction: away from the midline
Rotation
turning of bone around its own long axis, toward midline or away
Medial: rotation toward midline
Lateral: rotation away from midline
ex: rotation of vertebrae and of humerus and femur
Gliding
one flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface
ex: intercarpal, intertarsal, between articular processes of vertebrae
Special movements
Supination: palms face anteriorly; radius and ulna parallel
Pronation: palms face posteriorly; radius rotates over ulna
Dorsiflexion: bending foot toward shin
Inversion: sole of foot faces medially
Protraction: mandible juts out
Retraction: mandible is pulled toward neck
Elevation: lifting body part superiorly
Plantar flexion: pointing toes
Depression: lowering body part
Eversion: sole of foot faces laterally
Opposition: movement of thumb
Types of Bones
Short bones
cube-shaped bones ( in wrist and ankle)
ex: carpals, tarsals
sesamoid bones form within tendons (ex: patella)
vary in size and number in different individuals
Flat bones
thin, flat, slightly curved
ex: sternum, scapulae, ribs, most skull bones
Long bones
longer than they are wide
ex: limb bones (humerus, femur)
Irregular bones
complicated shapes
ex: vertebrae and hip bones
Bone Remodeling
occurs at surfaces of periosteum and endosteum
packets of adjacent osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Resorption: function of osteoclasts
secrete lysosomal enzymes and protons that digest matrix
acidity converts calcium salts to soluble forms
dig depressions or grooves as they break down matrix
phagocytize demineralized matrix and dead osteocytes
Deposit: new bone matrix is deposited by osteoblasts
Joints
Structural- material that binds; cavity present or not
Cartilaginous: bones unite by cartilage; no joint cavity; not highly movable
Synchondroses
bar or plate of hyaline cartilage
ex: temp. epiphyseal plate joints; cartilage of first rib with manubrium of sternum
Symphyses
fibrocartilage unites bone in symphysis joint
strong, amphiarthrotic
ex: intervertebral joints; pubic symphysis
Fibrous: dense fibrous ct; no joint cavity; most immovable
Syndesmoses
bones connected by ligaments, bands of fibrous tissue
fiber length varies so movement varies
short fibers- little to no movement (ex: inferior tibiofibular joint)
long fibers- large amount of movement (ex: interosseous membrane connecting radius and ulna)
Gomphoses
ex: teeth in alveolar sockets
fibrous connection is periodontal ligament
peg-in-socket joints
Sutures
ex: rigid, interlocking joints of skull
allow for growth during youth
middle age, ossify and fuse
Synovial: bones separate by fluid-filled joint cavity; diarthrotic; include almost all limb joints
Bursae and tendon sheaths associated
other features:
fatty pads- cushioning between fibrous layer of capsule and synovial membrane
articular discs (menisci)- stabilize joint and reduce wear and tear
six features
articular capsule- external fibrous layer and inner synovial membrane
synovial fluid- slippery filtrate of plasma and hyaluronic acid
joint cavity- small, fluid filled space
reinforcing ligaments- capsular, extracapsular, intracapsular
articular cartilage- hyaline cartilage
nerve and blood vessels
six types
Hinge- flexion and extension; ex elbow joints, interphalangeal
Plane- gliding; ex intercarpal and intertarsal
Pivot- rotation; ex proximal radioulnar, atlantoaxis
Condylar- flexion and extension; adduction and abduction; ex metacarpophalngeal, wrist
Saddle- adduction and abduction; flexion and extension; ex carpometacarpal of thumbs
Ball and socket- flexion and extension; adduction and abduction; rotation; ex shoulder and hip
Functional- movement allowed
Amphiarthroses: slightly movable joints
Diarthroses: freely movable joints
Synarthroses: immovable joints
Bone Names
Thoracic Cage
Ribs- surrounds lung and heart
false ribs- middle three pairs
floating ribs- last two pairs
true ribs- first seven pairs
Scapula- shoulder blade; connect clavicle to humerus
Sternum- central chest wall
Xiphoid process- bottom
Manubrium- top
Clavicle- collarbone; connect sternum to shoulder
Upper Limb
Radius- lateral forearm
Carpal- wrist
Ulna- medial forearm
Metacarpal- between carpal and phalanges
Humerus- upper arm
Phalanges- fingers
Vertebral
Lumbar- last 5 vertebrae
Sacrum-base of lumbar vertebrae
Thoracic- middle twelve vertebrae
Coccyx- tailbone; beneath sacrum
Cervical- first seven vertebrae
atlas-first; flattened
axis- second; pointed
Coxal bone- hip bone
Ilium- upper pelvis
Ischium- lower pelvis
Pubic-forward facing
Lower Limb
Fibula- lateral lower leg
Tibia- medial lower leg
Femur- thigh bone
Tarsal- ankle
Metatarsal- forefoot
Phalanges- toes
Patella- kneecap
Skull
Mandible- lower jaw
Zygomatic- cheek bones
Maxilla- upper jaw
Nasal-bridge of nose
Ethmoid- roof of nose
Inferior concha- lateral nasal wall
Palatine- roof of mouth
Lacrimal- medial orbit wall
Sphenoid: lateral butterfly
Vomer: divides nasal cavity
Temporal- above ear
Parietal- side and top head
Coronal suture- between frontal and parietal
Frontal- forehead
Squamous suture: between temporal and parietal bilaterally
Lambdoid suture- between parital and occipital
Sagittal suture- separates right and left parietal
Occipital- back of head
Bone Fracture Repair
reduction- realignment of broken bone ends
Closed-physician manipulates to correct position
Open- surgical pins or wires secure ends
Fracture classification
Nondisplaced- ends retain normal position
Displaced- ends out of normal alignment
Incomplete- not broken all the way
Complete- broken all the way
Open (compound)- skin is penetrated
Closed (simple)- skin not penetrated
break incompletely; one side of shaft break and other side bends
Depressed- broken bone pressed inward
Common types
Comminuted- bone fragments into three or more pieces
Compression- bone is crushed
Spiral- ragged break from excessive twisting forces applied
Epiphyseal- epiphysis separates from diaphysis along epiphyseal line
four stages
Fibrocartilaginous callous formation
phagocytic cells clear debris
fibroblasts secrete collagen fibers to span break and connect broken ends
fibroblasts, cartilage, and osteogenic cells begin reconstruction
capillaries grow into hematoma
Bony Callous Formation
one week, new trabeculae appear in fibrocartilaginous callus
callus converted to bony callous of spongy bone
continues for about 2 months until firm union forms
Hematoma formation- torn blood vessels hemorrhage, forming mass of clotted blood
Bone Remodeling
excess material on diaphysis exterior and in medullary cavity is removed
compact bone laid down to reconstruct shaft walls
begins during bony callus formation and continues for several months