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Skeletal System Alissa Tagle Period 3 - Coggle Diagram
Skeletal System
Alissa Tagle
Period 3
Names of all the bones
Skull
frontal 1 (front bone of skull)
parietal 2 (top)
occipital 1 (back side and under)
maxilla 2 (top of jaw
zygomatic 2 (cheek bones)
palatine 2 (Roof of mouth)
inferior nasal concha 2
mandible (jaw)
temporal 2 (temples of side of head)
sphenoid 1 (inside orbital cavity)
ethmoid 1 (inside orbital cavity)
lacrimal 2 (inside orbital cavity)
nasal 2 (nose bridge)
vomer 1(small bone in middle of nose)
Ear bones
malleus 2
incus 2
stapes 2
Hyoid
hyoid 1 (floating in throat area)
Vertebral column
cervical vertebra 7 (top 7 bones of spine)
thoracic vertebra 12 (middle 12 bones of spine)
lumbar vertebra 5 (lower 5 bones of spine)
sacrum 1 (tail cone)
coccyx 1 (tip of tail bone)
Thoracic cage
rib 24
Sternum 1 (breast bone)
Pectoral girdle
clavicle 2 (collar bone)
scapula 2 (shoulder blade)
Upper limbs
humerus 2 (arm bone)
radius 2 (lateral forearm)
ulna 2 (medial forearm)
carpal 16 (wrist)
metacarpal 10 (bones in hand before fingers)
phalanx 28 (fingers
Pelvic girdle
coxal (hip) bone 2
Lower limbs
femur 2 (thigh)
tibia 2 (Medial shin bone)
fibula 2 (lateral shin bone)
patella 2 (knee cap)
tarsal 14 (ankles)
metatarsal 10 (bones in foot before toes)
phalanx 28 (toes)
Differences between male and female skeleton
males tend to have larger, more robust bones and joint surfaces, and more bone development at muscle attachment sites
Pelvis
Female Pelvis
Pubic angle is more wide.
Coccyx bone not long, not as narrow
Pelvic inlet and outlet are wider for childbirth
Distance of ischial spine to the pubis is greater
Male Pelvis
Pubic angle is significantly more narrow
Coccyx bone is narrow and long
Pelvic inlet and outlet are smaller
Distance of ischial spine to the pubis is less than female
Disorders/diseases
Osteosarcoma
Maligant bone tumor
Osteomyelitis
An infenction in the bone
Osteogenisis Imperfecta
A genetic disorder that causes brittle bones
Paget's Disease
Metabolic bone disease affecting the break down & rebuilding of bone
Osteoarthritis
Protective cartilage at ends of bones wears down
Types of Bones
Short
almost equal in length & width
ex: bones in wrists & ankles
Sesamoid
: small, nodular bones deep withing tendons
ex: patella
Long
long w expanded ends
ex: arms &legs
Irregular
Varied shape
ex: vertebrae, some facial bones
Flat
Plate-like shape with broad surface
Ex: ribs, scalpula, flattened skull bones
Bone fracture repair
1) bone breaks
2) blood vessels rupture
3) blood clot (
hematoma
)
4) Osteoblast invade (divide)
5) Builds spongy bone
6) fibrocartliage fills gap
7) replaced by bone tissue
8) Osteoclasts remove excess bony tissue
Movements allowed by Synovial Joints
Ball Socket
movement
: all planes, also rotation
ex
: shoulder & hip
Condylar (ellipsodial)
movement
: back and fourth
side to side
(biaxial)
ex
: between metacarpals & phalanges
Plane (gliding)
movement
:sliding, twisting
(nonaxial)
ex
: joints between atlas and dens of axis
writs, ankles
sacroiliac joints
Hinge
movement
: flexion & extension (uniaxial)
ex
: elbow, joint of phalanges
Piviot
movement
: rotation around central axis (uniaxial)
ex
: inter vertebral joint
Saddle (sellar)
Movement
: variety of movement, 2 planes (biaxial)
ex
: Joint between trapezium (carpal) & metacarps of thumb
Anatomy of the long bone
Diaphysis
Distal epiphysis
Proximal epiphyasis
Perforating fiber (covers compact bone)
endosteum (membrane that lines wall of bone)
Yellow bone marrow (within Medullary Cavity)
periosteum (membrane of blood vessels and nerves that wraps around most of your bones)
Medullary Cavity (hallow part of bone) lined by endosteum
Spaces containing red bone marrow (top of long bone, close to point of attachment)
Compact bone (superficial compared to spongy bone)
Spongy bone (deep in the bone past compact)
Articular Cartilage (surrounds bone)
Microscopic anatomy of bone tissue
Compact bone (osteocytes and extracellular matrix organized into osteons)
Central canals contain blood vessles & nerve fiber (extend through bone tissue)
Canals help osteons share blood supply
Central canals of adjacent osteons connected by volkmans
Spongy bone (osteocytes & extracellular matrix that lie in trabeculae)
Bone remodeling
Osteoclasts resorb & osteoblasts deposit bone
Average of 3-5 % of bone calcium is changed each year
Remodeling process controled by horomones that regulate blood calcium leveles
Joints
Cartilaginous
Connected by hyaline or fibrocartilage
Movement: limited
Ex: joints between vertebrae, pubic symphasis & first rib
Synovial
Description:
-Ends of bones surrounded by joint capsules of ligaments & synovial membrane
-covered by hyaline (articular) cartilage
-Synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid= lube for bones
-Shock absorbing pads
(Menisci)
-classified by shape & momement
Movement: Free (diarthotic)
Ex: most joints of skeleton
Fibourus
Articulating bones are fastened together by thin layer of dense CT
Movement: None/ slight twisting
Ex:
-Sutures of skull (none)
-joints between distal ends of tibia and fibula (twisting)