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Skeletal System Belinda Santiago Period 5 - Coggle Diagram
Skeletal System Belinda Santiago Period 5
Name of all the bones
Skull – hyoid, frontal, occipital, parietal, temporal, sphenoidal, ethmoidal, Nasals, Maxillae, Lacrimals, Zygomatics, Palatines, Inferior Nasal Conchae, Vomer and Mandible.
Spine – cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, sacrum and tailbone (coccyx)
Chest – ribs (7 true ribs, 5 false ribs, 2 floating ribs) and breastbone (sternum)
Arms – shoulder blade (scapula), collar bone (clavicle), humerus, radius and ulna
Hands – wrist bones (carpals), metacarpals and phalanges
Pelvis – coxal bones (hip bones), ilium, pubis, ischium
Legs – thigh bone (femur), kneecap (patella), shin bone (tibia) and fibula
Feet – tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges.
Types of bones
Long bone: longer than wide; limb bones
Short bone: cube shaped, sesamoid wrist and ankle
Flat bone: thin, flat, slightly curved; sternum, rib, skill, scapulae
Irregular bones: complicated shapes; vertebrae and hip bones
Microscopic anatomy of bone tissue
Osteocyte: mature bone cells
Canaliculi: small canals running through the bone solid matrix, hosting osteocyte's dendrites, and saturated by an interstitial fluid rich in ions
Lamellae: circular layers of bone matrix that surround the central canal.
Lacunae: small canals tht outline a lamellae
space within is occupied by the osteocyte cell bodies.
Periosteum: membrane of bld vssl and nerves tht wrap around most of ur bones
Haversian canal: passageways that run parallel to the long axis of the bone, Central canals lined w/endosteum and contain blood vessels, nerves, and loose ct.
Volkmann's canal: any of the small channels in bone tht transmit bld vssls from the periosteum into the bone and communicate with the haversian canals.
Compact bone: dense layer on outside of bone
Anatomy of long bone
shaft is diaphysis and longest part
bone end is epiphysis (responsible 4 articulatn; articular cartilage covers joint surfaces
diaphysis has compact bone central medullary cavity(filled w yellow bone marrow in adults) (transports O2, immune supprt, minral& fat storage)
Membranes: Periosteum- supplies bld & heals & grows bone Endosteum: bone growth, repair, and remodeling
Bone remodeling
bone deposit & bone resorptn
surface of periosteum and endosteum
remodeling units: adjacent osteoblasts and osteoclsts coordinate remodeling process
secrete lysosomal enzymes and protimeds tht digrest matrx
bone deposit: new bone matrix deposited by osteoblsts
Bone fracture repair
Hematoma formatn (bld cell formtn)
Fibrocartilaginous callus formatn (mass repair tsu; reconstructn)
Bony callus formatn (callus to bony hard callus of spongy bone)
Bone remodeling (compact bone reconstructs shaft walls; final resembles original)
Joints and examples
Fibrous Joints: dense fibrous cnnctv tsu: no joint cavity; immovable. Includes sutures, syndesmoses, & Gomphoses
Cartilaginous Joints: united by cartilage, no joint cavity, not highly moveable; has synchondroses and symphyses
Synovial Joints: bones separated by fluid filled joint cavity; all r freely moveable; all limb bones
Plane (carpals & nonaxial), Hinge (elbow joints & uniaxial), pivot (neck, joint, elbow & uniaxial), Condylar (wrist and metacarpals & biaxial), Saddle (thumb & biaxial), Ball & Socket (shoulder & multiaxial)
Movements allowed by synovial joints
Gliding: gliding/slipping movements @ wrist (waving)
Angular: flexion-decreases angle of jnt, extnsn- increses andgle (straight), hyper extnsn (mvmnt beyond anatomical positn)
Circumduction: flexion, abductn, extnsn, and adductn of LIMB
Rotation: turning bone around its own long axis, toward midline or away
Supination: palms face up
Pronation: palms face down
Dorsiflexion: pointing toes up
Plantar flexion: pointing toes down
Inversion: sole of foot faces medially
Eversion: sole of foot faces laterally (away)
Proaction: chin out, overbite
Retraction: chin pulled in, underbite/double chin
Elevation: lifting bdy part (shrugging shoulders)
Depression: lowering bdy part (opening jaw)
Opposition: mvmnt of thumb (pinching)
Abduction: mvmnt along frontal plane, away frm midline Adduction: movement along frontal plane, toward midline
Differnces between male and female skelly
Male: heavier & has narrow pelvc cavity, broader shoulders, long rib cage, bigger skull, longer coccyx, heart shaped pelvic inlet
Female: less heavy, wider pelvic cavty, narrow shoulders, shorter ribcage, shorter coccyx, wider pubic angle, oval shaped pelvic inlet
Disorders/ diseases
Osteomalacia: painful, poorly mineralized soft,weak bones
Osteoporosis: bone resorptn, exceeds deposit, bone mass declines, calcium deficiency; vertebral and hip
Rickets: bowl leg & bone deformities bc of calcium deficiency
Paget's disease: excessive bone deposit & resorptn that cause bone to grow fast & develop poorly; spine pelvis, femur, skull