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Recognising faces - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Bruce laser models
      - Chris og
      - Bruce og
      - Chris and liu
- - - - Picture changing
        
        Blurring
        
        Stretching
        
        Changing the colour or hue (a blue face is still recognisable)
      - Face aging
    - - You can recognise somebody also by their body language, thier movement and the way their face moves
      - We do a lot of recognition by context, we are more likely to fail to recognise someone if they're somewhere we don't expect them to be
      - The way features fit inside a face (SInha and Poggio)
      - Prosopagnosia a cognitive disorder also known as face blindness where you can't recognise faces
    - - Kemp 1996
        
        Studied the effects of photograph negation (inverting light and shadows), changing hues and inverting colours of pictures of faces
        
        They found that recognition is not affected by changing the hue of the face but when colours or shadows are inverted recognition becomes difficult
      - Hole, George, Eaves and Rasek
        
        Tested people on familiar faces, changing the images by blurring and stretching to see the effect on recognition
        
        They found that people could recognise blurred or stretched images fine, the problems occurred when only one part of the face was stretched, this suggests that a lot of facial recognition is due to processing the face holistically and analysing spatial relationships
      - Bruck 1991
        
        Found that when recognising faces from yearbooks, people can recognise classmates faces even after 25 years of aging has gone by
        
        Shows that age doesn't affect recognition
  - - - Found that the recognition of faces (as opposed to previous studies on object recognition) and found that it was extremely good, even for unfamiliar faces
      - Confounding variable- the pictures shown were identical to the ones tested, so did people recognise the faces or the pictures? To really test the facial recognition you could show a picture of the same person from a different angle in different lighting
    - - The report demanded more research into the science of facial recognition to better inform the use of EWT
      - It meant that in the UK, you cannot be convicted off of facial recognition from and eye witness, there must be corroborating evidence, however in some US states this is still able to happen
      - there was concern in England that eyewitnesses were making enough mistakes to warrant an investigation into several miscarriages of justice.
  - - - detecting a face via the precise spatial relationships between facial features on individual people
      - Sometimes referred to as holistic processing, because we percieve the face as a whole
    - - The part/ whole effect
        
        Tanaka and Farah 1993
        
        Found that the configuration of faces is more important than individual features themselves
      - Thatcher effect
        
        Observed the thatcher effect as while studying faces he accidentally placed her eyes and mouth back upside down and when the viewed it upside down he did not realise the difference
        
        Thompson 1980
        
        This is because we have difficulty identifying spatial relationships when a fac is upside down and it's harder to recognise the holistic structure, theres a disruption in processign which can lead to the difference being ignored
      - The composite face experiment
        
        Young Hellawell and Hay 1987
        
        they spliced together celebrity faces, one celebrity as the top half of the face and another on the bottom, this means the features were recognisable but the spatial relationships did not match a known face
        
        When asked to identify the person shown, many people had to isolate features of the face in order to seperate and recognise them, suggesting that we do initally process faces holistically, paying attention to spatial relationships