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Glenn P. Hastedt, “Chapter 9: Policymaking Models,” In American Foreign…

- - - - Who has power is set by deadlines, rules of the game, and action channels
      - Rules of the situation determine if unilateral statements are acceptable, if leaking information is acceptable.Dea
      - Deadline are critical for driving action forward and take many shapes (meeting with foreign head of state, congressional hearing, presidential address)
    - - Due to its reliance on compromise, bargaining, and SOP, its very hard to know who is in charge of decision making
      - Does not represent bargaining well... ideas go into the bureaucratic process and policy comes out without much detail on the "how"
      - Separates the executive branch from the broader social and political context in an artificial way.
      - Too compex
- - - - Overestimation of the group's power and mortality
      - Close-mindedness
      - Pressure to conform
      - Groupthink is not inevitable, it thrives under certain conditions:
        
        Coherence of decision making group
        
        structural faults of the organization
        
        Nature of the decision context
    - - Multiple advocacy positions leave it open that the lowest common denominator will come out on top; can lead to decision paralysis
      - Decision making criteria can too closely mimic rational actor model
- - - - Power in society is fragmented and diffused
      - No one group is powerful enough to dictate policy
      - Many groups have power and participate in policy making
      - Equilibrium between groups is the natural state of affairs
      - Policy is determined by negotiation and policy represents the view of the majority of the grouop
      - Government = umpire, supervising, making calls
  - - - Conspiring elites: focus on the ties that bind (social background and linkages) vs. the ideals that bind (US liberal ideals)
      - Constraints on elite behavior: some believe there are no to few constraints, others see a limited policy cycle interrupted by public opinion