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Unit 5-8/9 - Coggle Diagram
Unit 5-8/9
Ch7
Ecosystem Use= Consumptive- harvesting food, make clothing, and make shelter (developing countries)
Productive- exploitation for economic gain (developed countries)
Protected US Lands- Wilderness, national parks, wildlife refugees, national parks, non federal lands
Categories for eco use: Provisioning (prod of food and h2o), Regulated (climate and disease control), Cultural (spiritual)
Rights of Tenure= Private ownership, communal ownership, state ownership,
open access
Ecosystem Max Sustainable Yield (highest rate we can harvest and use, so the eco can replace itself.
Optimal Pop- # of species you can harvest sustainably
Precautionary Principle- enable ppl to adopt precautionary measure based off of scientific evidence abt human/env health being at risk
Consequences of Deforestation- productivity decreases, biodiversity decreases, soil erosion occurs, runoff, co2 sequestration lost, alters hydrology Exploited ECOS- trop rain forest- cleared for agriculture and deforestation
Conservation vs Preservation: Conservation-management/ regulation of eco use (minimize logging) Preservation- ensure continuity (closing off a part of the forest away from human development
Marine probs- overexploited fisheries, aquaculture, pollution, bottom trawling
Aquaculture- farmed fish- probs( threatens native wild fish, spread of diseases, overfishing of wild fish to feed the farmed fish
-It would be more sustainable if it was in the open ocean
Ch5
-Quaternary Consumer- apex predator (humans) -Tertiary Consumer- omn/het (hawk) -Secondary Consumer- omn (fox) -Primary Consumer- hetertroph/herbivore (mouse) -Primary Producer- autrotroph (grass,trees)
Aquatic vs Terrestrial vs Detrital Food Webs -Aquatic- transfer of energy is more efficient, less energy needed (cold blooded organisms)
-Terrestrial- less efficient due to loss of waste/heat energy
-Detrital- producer is dead plants and animal matter
Succession= Primary- no soil and plants (only rocks and moss)
Secondary- occurs after disturbance (fire-dependent) -burns vegetation, opens canopy, organisms move in, ash is formed and the nutrient rich soil recolonizes much quicker than rock on moss in the primary succession stage.
Aquatic- eroded soil builds up and fills in a lake, the water table drops
Biomes- larger geographic biotic/abiotic community,...... Factors are climate, vegetation, and organisms. Microbiomes-small zones in env where climate differs from overall climate
Biomes closer to the equator has a higher net primary productivity. Solar energy/heat hits the areas closest to the equator the most, so there more biodiversity near the equator, bc there's more energy there.
Tipping point- situation in human impacted ecosystem , where small action catalyzes major change in system -Millennium Eco Assessment- assessment of human impact on the env, it resulted that anthropocentric actions are depleting earth's natural capital
Ch8
Demography- Study of human pop
Estimated CC for humans, 7B
Revolutions- Industrial, Neolithic, Medical, Green, Environmental --- increases population because they learned new medicines and technologies.
Env probs that impact impoverished groups, natural disaster, global warming.
Relationship btwn poverty and TFR- developing countries tend to have a higher TFR and FR, ( they have less access to contraceptives, poorer, religion, less access to education, poverty trap
TFR- total fertility rate -avg # of children a woman has in her lifetime
Replacement Level- the fertility rate of the pop that replaces the parents
If you have 2 kids, you replace your parents, and there's no growth (it's constant)
Demographic Phases 1 Pre Industrial, 2 Transitional, 3 Industrial, 4 Post Industrial
USA stage 4 , developing nations are in stage 2
Pop Momentum- current age structure (wide beginning), it tells us that if it's positive in increases, it it's negative it's decreasing
IPAT- Impact of Population= Population Affluence Technology Impact
the increased affluence, the increased probs with overconsumption
Epidemiologic transition- discovers medicines ( decreased DR)
Fertility Transition- decreased TFR and FR
Countries move through demographic transition by getting easier access to contraceptives, education, cost of living, increased policies, increased speed of economic development
Ch6
Biological Wealth- provides instrumental and intrinsic value, food/raw material, medicine, recreation (makes up our eco capital)
-Instrumental- Human Value
-Intrinsic- Value for own's sake
HIPPO- Habitat Destruction, Invasive Species, Pollution, Population Growth, Overexploitation
Biodiversity loss consequences: Declining pops and extinction
Habitat Destruction- Conversion, Fragmentation (habitats get divided/ isolation), Simplification (reduction of niche diversity) , Invasive Species
Invasive Species- organisms that aren't native to the area and cause env damage. The spotted lantern fly invades bc it lacks predators in a new env.
They invade and cause competition, can lead to the extinction of native plants and species