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Skeletal System - Sandra Cortez Period 1 - Coggle Diagram
Skeletal System - Sandra Cortez Period 1
Name of all the bones
Skull:
made up of 22 bones
Para-nasal sinuses:
reduce the brains weight and increase vocal resonance
Parietal bone:
form the roof and sides of the skull, just behind the frontal bone
Frontal bone:
forms the anterior part of skull, above eye
Pectoral girdle (shoulder girdle)
supports the upper limbs, & is an attachment site for muscles
Clavicles (collarbones)
function to brace the scapulae & provide attachment sites for muscles
Scapulae (shoulder blades)
broad, triangular bones on both sides of the upper back
Upper limb
the framework for the arm, forearm, and hand
Radius (lateral forearm –thumb side)
Ulna (medial forearm –pinky side)
Humerus (upper arm)
Carpals (wrist)
Metacarpals (palms)
Phalanges (fingers)
Pelvic girdle
supports the trunk of the body, provides attachments for the lower limbs and protects the organs within (i.e urinary bladder)
Hips
coxal, pelvic, or innominate bones
Pelvis
consists of the sacrum, coccyx and pelvic girdle
Coxal bone
Ischium
(forms the L-shaped, posterior portion, that supports
weight during sitting)
Pubis
(makes up the anterior portion of each hip bone)
Ilium
(largest and upper-most portion of the hip bone)
Lower limb
provide the framework for the thigh, lower leg, and foot
Fibula (lateral lower leg bone –pinky toe side)
Patella (kneecap)
Tibia (shin bone –big toe side)
Tarsals (ankle)
Femur (thigh)
The talus:
articulates with the tibia and fibula
The calcaneus (heel bone):
supports the body weight
Metatarsals (sole of foot)
Phalanges (toes)
Cranium
Temporal bone:
form parts of the sides and base of the cranium
Spheniod bone:
helps form the base of the cranium, sides of the skull and portions of the orbits
Occiptal bone:
forms the back of the skull and the base of the
cranium
Ethmoid bone:
is located in front of the sphenoid bone
Facial skeleton:
forms the basic shape of the face & provide attachments that move the jaw as well as control facial expressions
Lacrimal bones:
form part of the medial walls of the orbits
Nasal bones (the bridge of the nose)
Zygomatic bones (cheekbones):
+ lateral walls of the
orbits
Vomer bone ( the nasal septum)
Inferior nasal conchae
fragile, scroll-shaped bones,
support mucous membranes in the nasal cavity
Mandible (lower jawbone):
supports the lower teeth
Palatine bones:
(L-shaped bones) located behind the maxillae, that form the floor & lateral walls of the nasal cavity and the posterior portion of the hard palate
Maxillae:
forms the upper jaw, hard palate, floor of the eye
orbits, sides of the nasal cavity, house the upper teeth
Vertebral column:
(runs from skull to pelvis) supports the head & trunk and protects the spinal cord
Cervical vertebrae:
supports the head & is comprised of the atlas (supports the head) & axis (pivots within the atlas)
Thoracic vertebrae:
(twelve in total) associated with the rib cage
Lumbar vertebrae:
(five) support the weight of the body & are much longer/stronger than the cervical and thoracic vertebrae
Sacrum & Coccyx (tailbone):
S: consists of 5 fused vertebrae C: composed of 4 fused vertebrae
Thoracic cage:
protects the viscera & plays a role in breathing
Ribs:
the first seven pairs are
true ribs
bcs they connect to the sternum directly by their coastal cartilages, the inferior five pairs are
false ribs
bcs they don't, last two pairs are
floating ribs
Sternum (breastbone):
articulates w/clavicles
Middle body
Lower xiphoid process
Manubrium
Differences between male and female skeleton
Female skeleton
Pelvic cavity
Wider in all diameters, it's shorter, roomier. The distance in the ischial spines and ischial tuberosities are greater.
Sacrum
It's wider and the sacral curvature is bent more sharply posteriorly.
Pelvic girdle
Hip bones are lighter, thinner & have less evidence of muscular attachments, the obturator foramina are triangular, the acetabula are smaller & the pubic arch is wider.
Coccyx
More movable.
Male skeleton
Pelvic girdle
The obturator foramina are oval, the acetabula is bigger and the pubic arch is narrow.
Pelvic cavity
It's funnel shaped and the distance in the ischial spines and ischial tuberosities is smaller.
Sacrum
It's more narrow.
Coccyx
Not as movable.
Bone fracture repair
Bone fractures are classified by whether it's traumatic, spontaneous or pathologic as well as by the nature of the break
Comminuted (complete):
fragments the bone
Fissured (incomplete):
longitudinal break
Transverse (complete):
the break occurs @ a right angle to the axis of the bone
Oblique:
occurs @ an angle other than a right angle to the axis of the bone
Greenstick (incomplete):
break occurs on the convex surface of the bend in the bone
Spiral:
caused by excessive twisting of a bone
Fracture repair
Today
orthopedic surgeons also use rods, wires, and nails (they have become lighter, and smaller - many built of titanium)
Soon
after doctors began using screws & plates internally to align healing bone parts
1876: The first
casts to immobilize fractured bones were introduced
Hybrid fixator
Treats a broken leg
Using metal pins to align bone pieces, the pins are anchored to a metal ring device worn outside of the leg
Experimental approaches
Cartilage grafts
Infusions of stem cells taken from a patients own bone marrow
Microscopic anatomy of bone tissue
In
compact bone
osteocytes & extracellular matrix layers are organized into
osteons (haversian systems)
that are cemented together
Extracellular matrix:
bone consists mainly of collagen and inorganic salts
Collagen: provides strength and resiliance
Inorganic salts (mostly calcium phosphate) provides hardness and resistance to crushing
Central canals
contain blood vessels, nerve fibers and extended longitudinally through the bone tissue
(D)
Canaliculi:
osteocytes pass nutrients and gases through the matrix via tiny canals
Central canals of adjacent osteons are interconnected by
transverse perforating (Volkmann's canals)
- these help osteons share blood supply and nerves
(C)
Lamellae:
deposited around a cylindrical tube (central Haversian canal) - central canals contain blood vessels and nerves
Spongy bone
is made of osteocytes & extracellular matrix that lie within trabeculae
(B)
Lacunae (in compact bone):
lie in concentric circles of matrix lamellae
(A)
Osteocytes (bone cells):
located within chambers called lacunae
Types of bones (206 in total)
Axial skeleton
Hyoid bones (1 bone)
Middle ear bones (6 bones)
Two malleus
Two incus
Two stapes
Vertebral column (26 bones)
One sacrum
One coccyx
Twenty-four vertebrae
Skull bones (22 bones)
Fourteen facial bones
Two temporal bones
Eight cranial bones
Two lacrimal bones
Thoracic cage (25 bones)
Twenty-four ribs
One sternum
Appendicular skeleton
Upper limbs (60 bones)
Pelvic girdle (2 bones)
Two coxal (hip) bones
Pectoral girdle (4 bones)
Two clavicale
Two scalpula
Lower limbs (60 bones)
Disorders/diseases
Osteosarcoma
malignant bone tumor
Symptoms:
Bone fracture, bone pain, limited mov, tenderness, swelling and redness
Causes/Risk factors:
Age (avg age of diagnosis is 15), hereditary, possible linkage to fluoridated water and radiotherapy for unrelated conditions
Description:
Giant bump or mass on the bone
Treatment options:
Surgeries, chemotherapy, radiation and limb amputation
Osteomyelitis
an infection in the bone
Causes/Risk factors:
Primarily staphylococcus, bacteria travels from the blood stream into bone, from puncture infection, direct contamination and recent orthopedic surgery
Symptoms:
Chills, fever, irritability, lethargic, pain @ infection site, swelling, redness and heat
Description:
Think of a huge red pimple that has puss, yellow and scab like
Treatment options:
Antibiotics, surgical drainage, removal of diseased bone, restore blood flow to bone, amputation and hyperbaric oxygen treatment
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
a genetic disorder
Causes/Risk factors:
Congenital mutation, frequent fractures, bone bowing seen in ultrasounds, easily bruised and deafness
Symptoms:
Easily fractured bones, blue sclera, muscle weakness, hearing loss, micrognathia, limb deformity and shortening
Description:
Curvature of the bones (might appear inward)
Treatment options:
Incurable, prescription meds to increase bone density, improved nutrition and bone marrow transplant
Paget's Disease
metabolic bone disease affecting the break down and rebuilding of bone
Causes/Risk factors:
Exact cause is unknown, hereditary, possible viral infection, age: over 40, sex: men more common
Symptoms:
Bone pain dependent on location, hip pain in pelvis, hearing loss or headaches in skull, tingling and numbness in spine and bone deformity in legs or arms
Description:
The facial bones are grossly thickened, symmetrically deformed and the bone grows out of control
Treatment options:
Medications, surgery, joint replacement and realignment of bones
Osteoarthritis
protective cartilage @ the ends of bones wears down
Causes/Risk factors:
Older age (more common in females), bone deformities/injuries, obesity, repetitive joint stress, sedentary lifestyle and related bone disease
Symptoms:
Tenderness, pain, stiffness, grating sensation, bone spurs and loss of flexibility
Description:
Wrinkly skin, fingers are set in a bending position (typing) & the cartilage @ the ends is broken
Treatment options:
Over the counter meds, prescriptions, physical therapy, splints/braces, cortisone injections and surgery
Movements allowed by Synovial Joints
Lateral flexion:
bending the head, neck, or trunk to the side
Hyperextension:
straightening beyond normal anatomical position
Abduction:
moving a body part away from the midline
Adduction:
toward the midline
Flexion:
bending parts at a joint so that the angle between them decreases
Extension:
straightening = increases
Dorsiflexion:
ankle movement that brings the foot closer to the shin
Plantar-flexion:
moves the foot father (toes are pointed)
Rotation:
movement of a part around an axis
Circumduction:
it's end follows a circular
path
Pronation:
rotation of forearm so that the palm is facing
downward or posteriorly
Supination:
upward = anteriorly
Elevation:
raising a part of the body
Depression:
lowering a part of the body
Protraction:
moving a part of the body forward
Retraction:
backward
Inversion:
turning the sole of the foot medially
Eversion:
laterally
Joints
6. Plane
Description:
nearly flat or slightly curved
Possible mov:
sliding or twisting
Ex:
joints between various bones of wrist and ankle & joints between ribs 2 to 7 and sternum
8. Hinge
Possible mov:
flexion & extension
Ex:
elbow & joints of phalanges
Description:
convex surface articlates w/ a concave surface
1. Fibrous
Possible mov:
none (slightly twisting)
Ex:
sutures between the bones of the skull, joint between the distal ends of the fibula and tibia
Description:
(articulating bones) A.B. - fastened together by a thin layer of dense C.T
2. Cartilaginous
Description:
A.B. are connected by hyaline cart or fibrocartilage
Possible mov:
limited like when our back is bent or twisted
Ex:
joints between the bodies of vertebrae, pubic symphysis
5. Condylar
Ex:
joints between the metacarpals and phalanges
Possible mov:
variety of movement in 2 planes but no rotation
Description:
oval shaped condyle articulates with elliptical cav.
3. Synovial
Possible mov:
allows free movement
Description:
art. ends of bones are surrounded by a joint capsule and covered by hyaline cartilage and separated by synovial fluid.
4. Ball and socket
Possible mov:
mov. in all planes + rotation
Ex:
shoulder & hip
Description:
ball shaped head articulates with cup shaped cav. of another bone
7. Pivot
Description:
cylindrical surface articulates w/ the ring of a bone & ligament
Possible mov:
rotation around a central axis
Ex:
joints between the atlas and dens of the axis
9. Saddle
Description:
articulating surfaces have both convex and concave regions the surface fits the complementary surface of another
Possible mov:
variety of mov. mainly in two planes
Ex:
joint between the carpal and metacarpal of the thumb
Bone remodeling
Within days or weeks developing blood vessels & large numbers of
osteoblasts
(originating in the periosteum)
invade the hematoma
The
osteoblasts
rapidly
divide
in the regions close to the new blood vessels, building
spongy bone
Vessels in surrounding tissues
dilate, swell and inflame
the tissues
Granulation tissue develops &
fibroblasts produce
masses of
fibrocartilage
in regions farther from a blood supply
Blood
from the broken vessels
spread
through the damaged area - soon a blood clot forms or hematoma
Phagocytic cells
begin to
remove
the
blood clot
as well as any
dead or damaged cells
in the affected area,
osteoclasts
also reappear & resorb bone fragments aiding in
cleaning of debris
Blood vessels
in the bone
rupture
, the periosteum is likely to tear
8.In time
fibrocartilage fills the gap
between the ends of
the broken bone, a
cartilaginous soft callus breaks down
&
osteoblasts invade the area
& hard
bony callus fills the space
Anatomy of the long bone
Long bones are long with expanded ends (i.e arm and leg bones)
(A)
Diaphysis:
the shaft of the bone
(D)
Endosteum:
lines the medullary cavity w/ a thin layer of cells
(B)
Periosteum:
(tough layer of dense C.T) it covers the bone and is continuous w/ ligaments & tendons
(E)
Bone marrow:
fills the medullary cavity w/ a special type of C.T
(C)
Medullary cavity:
the diaphysis contains a hollow chamber in the med. cav.
Compact bone
: very tightly packed tissue (makes up the wall of the diaphysis)
Bony process (projections)
Openings for blood vessels & nerves
Depressions for articulation - movable (form a joint w/ another bone)
Provide attachment sites for tendons and ligaments
The
epiphyses
are filled w/ spongy bone which reduces the weight of the skeleton
Spongy bone
consists of many branching bony plates called
trabeculae