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Skeletal System D'Anna Contreras Per.1 - Coggle Diagram
Skeletal System D'Anna Contreras Per.1
Joints
fibrous: suture between skull bones, joints between distal ends if tibia/fibula
cartilaginous: joint between vertebrae and pubic symphysis
synovial
plane: between various bones of wrist/ankles, sacroiliac joints, between rib 2/7 and sternum
hinge: in elbow and the joints of phalanges
condylar: between metacarpals/phalanges
pivot: between the atlas/dens of axis
ball-and-socket: in shoulder/hip
saddle: between carpal/metacarpal of thumb
Anatomy of the long bone
periosteum: tough layer of dense connective tissue and covers the bone
medullary cavity: a hollow chamber, is lines with a thin layer of cells called endosteum, and its filled a special type of connective tissue called bone marrow
diaphysis: the shaft of the bone
compact bone: tightly packed tissue that make sup the wall of the diaphysis
articular cartilage: cover the epiphyses
epiphyses: expanded ends that forms joints
spongy bone: branching bone plates called trabeculae
Bone fracture repair: when the bone is broken, the blood vessels rupture and the periosteum would tear. Blood from the broken blood vessels will go throughout the area and it forms a blood clot (hematoma). Over time fibrocartilage will form, making spongy bone so it can repair and new blood vessels will form. Then the spongy bone will become hard callus and once its fully repaired itll be almost like the original stae.
Microscopic anatomy of bone tissue
osteocytes: bone cells that are in chambers called lacunae
lamellae: in compact bone, lacunae is in the matrix of compact bone. these are depositited around the central canal
central canal: has blood vessels/nerve fibers that are long and go through the bone tissue. osteocytes pass nutrients/gases through canaliculi
extracellular matrix: has collagen/inorganic salts
Disorders/diseases
Osteosarcoma: malignant bone tumor
causes/risk factors: age, hereditary, and possible linkage to fluoridated water
symptoms: bone fracture, bone pain, and limited movement
treatment options: surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation
Osteomyelitis: an infection in the bone
causes/risk factors: primarily staphylococcus, bacteria travels from the blood stream into bone, direct contamination
treatment options: antibiotics, surgical drainage, and amputation
symptoms: chills, fever, and irritability
Osteogenesis Imperfecta: a genetic disorder that causes brittle bones
causes/risk factors: frequent fracture, easily bruised, and congenital mutation
symptoms: easily fractured bones, blue sclera, and muscle weakness
treatment options: uncurbable, improved nutrition, and bone marrow transplant
Paget's Disease: metabolic bone disease affecting the break down and rebuilding of bone
symptoms: bone pain dependent on location, hip pain in pelvis, and hearing loss/headaches in skull
treatment options: medication, surgery, and joint replacement
causes/risk factors: hereditary, possible viral infection, and age over 40
Osteoarthritis: protective cartilage at ends of bones wears down
symptoms: tenderness, pain, and stiffness
treatment options: over the counter medication, prescriptions, and physical therapy
causes/risk factors: older age, bone deformities, and joint injuries
Bone Remodeling: osteoclasts resorb/osteoblasts deposit bones, its controlled by hormones that regulate blood calcium
Movements allowed by Synovial Joints
circumduction: part that ends in a circular path
pronation: the forearm that's posteriorly that's being rotated
rotation: part around the axis being moved
supination: rotated forearm and the palm is facing anteriorly
dorsiflexion: ankle being moved and brings the foot far from the shin
inversion: sole turning medially
adduction: body part going toward midline
eversion: sole turning laterally
abduction: body part moving away from the midline
protraction: body part moving forward
hyperextension: straighten the body over normal anatomical position
retraction: body part moving backward
lateral flexion: bending head, neck, or trunk to the side
elevation: body part being raised
extension: straitening parts of the joint
depression: body part being lowered
flexion: bending parts of joints
Types of bones
short: equal in length and width. in wrist/ankles
Sesamoid: small /round nodular bones that develop in the tendon
flat: plate shape with a broad surface. in ribs, scapula, and flattened skull bone
Long: long with expanded ends. in arm/ leg bones
irregular: varies in shape, in vertebrae and some facial bones
Bones
axial skeleton
hyoid: hyoid bone
thoracic cage: rib, sternum
skull: cranial bone, frontal, parietal, occipital, maxilla, sygomatic, palatine, inferior nasal concha, mandible, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid, lacrimal, nasal, vomer
vertebral column: cervical vertebra, thoracic vertebra, lumbar vertebra, sacrum, coccyx
appendicular skeleton
upper limbs: humerus, radius, ulna, carpal, metacarpal, phalanges
pelvic girdle: coxal
pectoral girdle: scapula, clavicle
lower limbs: femur, tibia, fibula, patella, tarsal, metatarsals, phalanges
Differences between male and female skeleton
female
pelvic cavity: is wider in all diameters and shorter, has more room, and isn't like a funnel shape. ischial spine/tuberosities is greater
sacrum: is wider and the sacral curvature is more bent posteriorly
pelvic girdle: hip bones are lighter, thinner, and have less muscular attachments. the obturator foramina is triangular. the acetabula is smaller and the pubic arch is wide
coccyx: more moveable
male
pelvic girdle: hip bones are heavier, thicker, and have more muscular attachments. the obturator foramina is oval. acetabula is bigger and the pubic arch is more narrow
pelvic cavity: more narrow and longer, not as much space, and is more funnel shaped. the ischial spine/tuberosities isn't has greater
sacrum: more narrow and the sacral curvature isn't as bent
coccyx: doesn't have much movement