Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Chemistry of Carbon, C double bonded to O - Coggle Diagram

- - - - 4 covalent bonds
  - - - allotropes
        
        Graphite
        
        sturctured in layer, as sheets
        
        layered to slide off or smear on something
        
        used in pencils and for lubrication in machines
        
        silver, black shiny
        
        Amorphous dust
        
        sturctured to have atoms randomly joined , thus are weak and can crumble easily
        
        used in grills as charcoal and also in black ink
        
        soft back dust
        
        Diamond
        
        hardest natural substance on earth
        
        used in tools and jewellery
        
        structured as a lattice - 3D tic tac toe
        
        clear, shiny stone
  - - - does not include simple compounds like carbon dioxide
        
        most of them are hydrocarbons :
  - - - ball and stick model
    - - letters and numbers
      - Bonds
        
        Double bonds
        
        Alkenes
        
        Triple bonds
        
        Alkynes
        
        Single bonds
        
        Alkanes
        
        Defines the suffix of a hydrocarbon
- - - - different for isomers
    - - candles - paraffin wax
      - lighter fuel - butane
      - transportation fuel
      - plastics
        
        Polythylene
        
        water bottles, shopping bags
        
        Polystyrene
        
        drinking cups, packaging material
      - motor oil
  - - - heat and pressure
        
        long period of time (millions of years)
  - - - small hydrocarbons
        
        methane
    - - amorphous dust
      - alkenes
      - alkynes
    - - mixtures of many different hydrocarbons
        
        must be separated in order to be used
        
        fractional distillation
        
        the process of heating crude oil in tall large tower in order to get the same types of hydrocarbons in certain compartments on the tower to be then retrieved through pipes
        
        shorter hydrocarbons chains have lower boiling points and longer carbon chains have higher boiling points
        
        the shorter hydrocarbons float up the tower, cool down and condense into a liquid and pipes at different heights collect the different fractions
        
        fractions
        
        a group of hydrocarbons with similar boiling points
        
        thick dark liquid
- - - - glucose
        
        starch
        
        styrofoam
        
        polystyrene
  - - - Proteins
        
        polymers
        
        long protein molecules
        
        monomer
        
        Amino acid
        
        20 different kinds that can combine together and make types of proteins
        
        Amino acids have a carboxylic group
        
        Enzymes
        
        special proteins
        
        2 more items...
      - Lipids
        
        A fat molecule
        
        glycerol
        
        alcohol
        
        3 fatty acids
        
        caboxylic acid
        
        Ester
      - Carbohydrates
        
        polymer
        
        Starch or Cellulose
        
        monomer
        
        glucose
        
        simple sugars
        
        can exist on their own
        
        Disaccharides
        
        1 more item...
- - - - global warming
        
        melting of ice caps
        
        forests flooding
        
        inhabitants of the forest lose their habitats
        
        polar bears lose their camouflage background
        
        can't hunt food, then die of malnutrition
        
        possibly be extinct
  - - - possibly choke on plastics, get food poisoning, or result introducing biomagnification or cross-contamination in the food chain and food web
        
        they die, eventually messing up the food chain
        
        their predators may also die due to malnutrition
    - - in order to extract these fossil fuels, deforestation is imminent
        
        deforestation = increase in greenhouse gas effect
        
        inhabitants lose their habitats
        
        machines for extraction release CO2
- - - - Suffix - "anol"
    - - glucose => carbon dioxide + ethanol
        
        Grapes and barley
      - Ethanol
        
        everyday alcohol
        
        good fuel
        
        is a biofuel
        
        renewable cause its made from plants
      - yeast helps break down glucose from plants like grapes and barley into carbon dioxide and ethanol
        
        yeast helps quicken the reaction but is not a reactant
  - - - are weak acids
  - - - makes food smell and taste nice
- - - - Eth - 2
        
        Prop - 3
        
        But - 4
        
        Pent - 5
        
        Hex - 6
  - - - Unsaturated
        
        more hydrogens can be added if the bonds are taken away
    - - Saturated
        
        can't bond more hydrogens
- - - - made out of natural gas and oil
        
        should be recycled and reused
        
        some are polymers made up of ethene
        
        is made during fractional distillation
    - - made from plants
        
        biodegradable
        
        breaks down in nature
        
        the amount of carbon dioaxide released while breaking down is the same as what the plant took in during photosynthesis
        
        no impact on the greenhouse gas effect
  - - - used to power vehicles, power production
      - burning bioethanol does not contribute to the greenhouse gas effect
    - - large amounts of water is required for growth
      - these crops may not be able to grow in all habitats or may be an invasive species
      - deforestation is imminent
      - CO2 emissions from transportation
      - the crop production replaces the food production
      - renewable but has a lower energy output comparingly
      - Types of Biofuels
        
        Biodiesel
        
        oil produced from plants like canola and rapeseed
        
        replacement additive to diesel fuel
        
        Biogas
        
        made by adding bacteria to sludge, a byproduct of treated wastewater
        
        replacement for natural gas
        
        used for heating, cooking and producing electricity
        
        Bioethanol
        
        made through fermentation of plants like sugarcane and corn
        
        used as replacement or additive to petrol