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1.3 Plant and animal cells as seen with a light microscope
1.6 Plant and…
1.3 Plant and animal cells as seen with a light microscope
1.6 Plant and animal cells as seen with an electron microscope
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Nucleus
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Contains nucleoli
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Nucleoli only come together during ribosome manufacturing. When no ribosomes need to be produced, the nucleoli cease to exist
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Cytoplasm
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The medium for chemical reactions to occur in, and also has organelles within it
Cytosol
All of the liquid components within a cell (organelles are part of the cytoplasm but not the cytosol)
Mitochondria
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Endosymbiosis theory
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Mitochondria have 70S ribosomes, the same size as prokaryotic ribosomes
Mitochondria have their own 'naked circular' DNA, just like prokaryotes
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Golgi apparatus
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Transport vesicles are membranous, and carry contents between cell structures and also the cell surface membrane
Alters, modifies, and sorts proteins coming from the RER
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Chloroplasts
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Thylakoids are fluid-filled sacs within the stroma that are spread out like sheets. They have chlorophyll embedded within them
Thylakoids flatten and stack up in places like plates, forming grana
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Centrioles
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2 centrioles, at right angles to each other
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Cellulose cell wall
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Made of cellulose, a polysaccharide
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Plasmodesmata
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Small pore-like gaps between plant cells, allow molecules and ions to pass through
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Vacuole
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Sac-like structures that contain sugars, ions, oxygen, carbon dioxide, pigments, waste/toxic products, and enzymes
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Lysosomes
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Lysosomes fuse with vacuoles containing material taken into the cell (endocytosis) and release enzymes to break them down
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pH of 4-5 inside, compared to pH of 6.5-7 in cytoplasm
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Enzymes include proteases (proteins), lipases (lipids), nucleases (nucleic acids)
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Cytoskeleton
Microfilaments
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Involved in pseudopodia, cell division (cytokinesis), villi, muscle contraction
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Intermediate filaments
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Maintains rigidity, resists tension
Either found in nucleus (nuclear lamina) or in cytoplasm (keratins in epithelia, vimentin in connective tissue/muscle cells/glial cells, neurofilaments in nerve cells)
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Motor proteins
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Kinesins move towards + end of microtubules, dyneins move towards - end of microtubules
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Undulipodia
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Cilia
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Function is to propel single cells through fluids, or move liquids over the surface of the cell
The basal body (at base of each cilium/flagellum) is identical to centrioles, as basal bodies are just replicated centrioles
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