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Angela Luna P.2 Skeletal System - Coggle Diagram
Angela Luna P.2 Skeletal System
Bones
AXIAL SKELETON
SKULL
frontal- forehead
parietal- top of head
occipital- back of head
temporal- side of head
sphenoid- lateral butterfly
ethmoid- root of nose
maxilla- top jaw
mandible- lower jaw
zygomatic- cheek bones
palatine- roof of mouth
inferior nasal concha- nasal wall
lacrimal- area of eyelid
nasal- nose
vomer- divides nasal cavity
hyoid- tongue bone
SPINE
cervical vertebrae- 7 bones
thoracic vertebrae- 12 bones
lumbar vertebrae- 5 bones
sacrum- bone of lumbar vertebrae
coccyx- tailbone
CHEST
sternum- breast bone
ribs- 12 pairs
1-7 true ribs
8-12 false ribs
11 & 12 floating ribs
APPENDICULAR SKELETON
PECTORIAL GIRDLE
clavicle- collar bone
scapula- shoulder blade
ARMS
humerus- upper arm bone
radius- lower arm bone
ulna- lower arm bone
carpals- wrist bone
metacarpals- long bones in hand
phalanges- fingers
pelvic griddle- hip bones
LEGS
femur- thigh bone
tibia- large bone in lower leg
fibula- small bone in lower leg
patella- kneecaps
tarsals- ankle bones
metatarsals- long bones in foot
phalanges- toes
Types of Bones
long bones- longer than they are wide
short bones- cube shaped
flat bones- thin, flat, slightly curved
irregular bones- complicated shapes
Anatomy of Long Bone
diaphysis- tubular shaft that forms long axis of bone
epiphyses- ends of long bones that consist of compact bone externally, spongy bone, internally
articular cartilage covers articular joint surfaces
between diaphysis and epiphysis= epiphyseal line
compact bone- hard exterior
spongy bone- porous inferior structure
medullary cavity- hollow part of bone that contains bone marrow
red marrow- contains blood stem cells that can become red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets
yellow marrow- contains stem cells that can become cartilage, fat, or bone cells
endosteum- membrane lining the inner surface of the bony wall
periosteum- membrane that covers external surfaces except joints
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Tissue
osteogenic cells- precursors to the more specialized bone cells and reside in the bone marrow
osteoblasts- cells that form bone tissue
osteocytes- mature bone cells in lacunae that no longer divide
bone lining cells- flat cells on bone surfaces believed to also help maintain matrix
osteoclasts- breakdown of bone
compact bone- forms the hard external layer of all bones and surrounds the medullary cavity
spongy bone- needle-like pieces of bone arranged like a honeycomb
osteon- structural unit of compact bone, consisting of concentric bone layers called lamellae
central canal- runs through core of osteon
perforating canals- canals with endosteum that occur at right angles to central canal
lacunae- small cavities that contain osteocytes
canaliculi- hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and to central canal
Bone Remodeling
remodeling units: packets of adjacent osteoblasts and osteoclases coordinate remodeling process
resorption is function of osteoclasts
dig depressions or grooves as they break down matrix
secrete lysosomal enzymes and protons that digest matrix
acidity converts calcium salts to soluble forms
bone deposit: new bone matrix is deposited by osteoblasts
Bone Fracture Repair
HEMATOMA FORMATION
torn blood vessels hemorrhage, forming mass of clotted blood called a hematoma
FIBROCARTILIGINOUS CALLUS FORMATION
capillaries grow into hematoma
phagocytic cells clear debris
fibroblasts secrete collagen fibers to span break and connect broken ends
fibroblasts, cartilage, and osteogenic cells begin reconstruction of bone
BONY CALLUS FORMATION
callus is converted to bony callus of spongy bone
continues for about 2 months until firm union forms
BONE REMODELING
begins during bony callus formation and continues for several months
excess material on diaphysis exterior and within medullary cavity is removed
compact bone is laid down to reconstruct shaft walls
final structure resembles original structure
Joints
Fibrous Joints
SUTURES
rigid, interlocking joins of skull
allow for growth during youth
in middle age, sutures ossify and fuse
SYNDESMOSES
bones connected by ligaments, bands of fibrous tissue
short fibers offer little to no movement
larger fibers offer larger amount of movement
GOMPHOSES
peg-in socket joints
fibrous connection= periodontal ligament
ex: teeth in alveolar sockets
Cartilaginous Joints
SYNCHONDROSES
bar/plate hyaline cartilage unites bones
almost all immovable
ex: temporary epiphyseal plate joints become synostoses after plate closure
SYMPHYSES
fibrocartilage unites bone
strong, amphiarthrotic joints
ex: intervertebral joints, pubic symphysis
Synovial Joints
bones separated by fluid-filled joint cavity
freely movable
plane: intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints, joints between vertebral articular surfaces
hinge: elbow joints, interphalangeal joints
pivot: proximal radioulnar joint, atlantoaxial joint
condylar: knuckle joints, wrist joints
saddle: carpometacarpal joints of thumbs
ball-and-socket: shoulder joints, hip joints
Movements Allowed by Synovial Joints
gliding: one flat bone surface glides/slips over another similar surface
flexion: decreases angle of joint
extension: increases angle of joint
hyperextension: movement beyond anatomical position
abduction: movement along frontal plane, away from the midline
adduction: movement along frontal plane, toward the midline
circumduction: movement of the limb in a circle
rotation: turning of bone around its own long axis, toward midline or away from it
medial: rotation toward midline
lateral: rotation away from midline
supination: palms up
pronation: palms down
dorsiflexion: bending foot toward shin
plantar flexion: pointing toes
inversion: sole of foot faces medially
eversion: sole of foot faces laterally
protraction: mandible juts out
retraction: mandible is pulled toward neck
elevation: lifting body part superiorly
depression: lowering body part
opposition- movement of thumb
Differences Between Male and Female Skeleton
males have larger skull
males have wider shoulders
males have shorter torsos
males have longer arms/legs
bone lengthening ceases around 21 years for males, 18 years for females
female pelvis: shorter and wider, circular pelvic inlet
male pelvis: longer and narrower, heart shaped pelvic inlet
Disorders/Diseases
Disorders
OSTEOMALICIA
bones are poorly mineralized
soft weak bones
pain upon bearing weight
RICKETS
results in bowed legs and other bone deformities because bones ends are enlarged and abnormally long
OSTEOPEROSIS
a group of diseases in which bone resorption exceeds deposit
Diseases
osteoarthritis- protective cartilage of ends of bones wears down
osteogenesis imperfecta- a genetic disorder that causes brittle bones
osteosarcoma- malignant bone tumor
osteomyelitis- an infection in bone
Paget's Disease- metabolic bone disease affecting the break down and rebuilding of bone