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A & P concept map: Skeletal System Jocelyn Villa - Period…
A & P concept map: Skeletal System Jocelyn Villa - Period 1.
All bones of the skeletal system
Skull
Frontal bone, squamous suture, parietal bone, lamboid suture, coronal suture, nasal bone, Maxilla, zygomatic bone, mandible, sphenoid bone, palatine process of maxilla, palatine bone, vomer bone, occiptal bone, temporal bone, mandibular fossa
Skeleton
Clavicle, manubrium, scapula, costal cartilage, xiphoid process, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, coccyx, metacarpals, phalanges, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges of the lower extremity.
Frontal bone , nasal, mandible, maxilla, orbit
Sternum, ribs, vertebral column, coxal (hip) bon, lilum, sacrum, greater trochanter
Joints
Movements of joints
Immovable/synthratic
Slightly movable/amphiarthrotic
Freely movable/ diarthrotic
immovable- such as struct of skull, few are slightly movable such as joint between distal tibia and fibula
connected by hyaline or fibrocartilage. Intervertebral: disks between vertebra
Most joins are synovial
Can also be classified by type of tissue binding them
Fibrous: dense connective tissue
Cartilaginous: cartilage
Synovial: complex structure
Movements allowed by synovial joints
Allows widest range of movement
Gliding joints: sliding movement
Hinge joints: Flexion and extension movement in a singular plane
Pivot joints: Bone rotation
Condyloid joints: flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction movements
Saddle joints: permits movement in 2 planes
Ball and socket: widest motion and movement in all planes.
Types of bones.
Long bones - Bones with long extended ends such as the arm and leg bones.
short bones - Are almost equal in length and width. Ex: wrists and ankles
irregular bones- Vary in shape. Ex: vertebrae and a few facial bones
Flat Bones- flat shape with broad surface. ex: ribs, scapula, flattened skull bones.
Anatomy of the long bone.
Expanded ends of bone that form joints with adjacent bones called epiphysis
Articular cartilage covers the epiphysis
Shaft of bone = Diaphysis
Periosteum: tough layer of dense connective tissue that covers bone and its continous with ligaments and tendons.
Diaphysis contains hollow chamber called medullary cavity
Medullary cavity: lined with thin layer of cells called endosteum
Bony Processes (projections) are attachment sites for tendons and ligaments as well as openings for blood vessels and nerves. Also helps with the forming joint w/ another bone
Contains tightly packed tissue, makes up wall of diaphysis, the epiphysis is filled with spongy bone (reduces weight)
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Microscopic anatomy of long bone
Osteocytes located within chambers called lacunae
In compact bone Lacunae lies in lamellae. Lamellae is deposited around a cylindrical tube (central/haversian canal)
Osteocytes pass nutrients and gases through the matrix via tiny canals called canaliculi.
Extracellular matrix= bone consisting mainly of collagen and inorganic salts
Compact bone, osteocytes and extracellular matrix layers are org into Haversian systems that are cemented together.
Spongy bone made of osteocytes and extracellular matrix that lie within trabeculae.
Bone remodeling:
An avg of 3-5% of bone calcium is exchanged each year
Process controlled by hormones that regulate blood levels
Vitamin D - Calcium absorption
Growth hormones stim division of cartilage cells of epiphyseal plate
Sex hormones stim ossification of epiphyseal plates to end growth in height.
PE stresses bone which will cause it to increase in thickness and strength
Bone Fracture repair
bone breaks, blood vessels rupture, periosteium likely to tear. blood from broken vessels spreads through damaged area forming a blood clot/hematoma
Days/weeks, developing blood vessels and large #s of osteoblasts originating in periosteum invade the hematoma, osteoblasts rapidly divide close to new blood vessels, building spongy bone near by and fibrocartilage in more distant regions.
A hard bony callus replaces fibrocartilage
Osteocytes remove excess bony tissue, restoring new bone like the original
Disorders/diseases
Osteoarthritis: Protective cartilage at ends of bones wears down,
Treatment: Over counter meds, prescription, physical therapy
Osteogenesis Imperfecta: Genetic disorder that causes brittle bones.
Treatment: Uncurable, bone marrow transplant, improved nutrition
Osteosarcoma: Malignant bone tomorrow
Symptoms: bone fracture, bone pain, swelling
Risk factors: age, hereditary, radio therapy for unrelated conditions.
Treatments: surgery, chemo-therapy, radiation
Osteomyelitis: Infection in bone
Treatments: Antibiotics, surgical drainage
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Symptoms: Chills, fever, irritability
Risk factors: Primarily staphylococcus, bacteria travels from blood stream to bone, puncture wound.
Symptoms:Blue sclera, muscle weakness, limb deformity and shortening.
Risk factors: Congenital mutation, easily bruised, deafness
Risk factors: Older age, more common in females, bone deformities.
Symptoms: Tenderness, pain, stiffness.
Differences between male and female skeletons
Male
Bigger skull
Wider shoulders
Longer torso
Longer arms
Female:
Smaller skull
Pelvis is wider
Shorter legs
Thorax more narrow
Slant of femur is more defined