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Ashley Vargas Per.5 Skeletal System - Coggle Diagram
Ashley Vargas
Per.5
Skeletal System
Joints:
also called articulations and are sites where two or more bones meet
Structural:
three types based on what material binds the joints and whether a cavity is present
Cartilaginous
Bones united by cartilage, no joint cavity and not highly movable
Synchondroses:
Bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites bones and almost all are synarthrotic (immovable)
Examples:Temporary epiphyseal plate joints
Symphyses:
Fibrocartilage unites bone in symphysis joint, strong and slightly movable joints
Examples: Pubic symphysis
Synovial
Bones separated by fluid-filled joint cavity, freely movable and includes almost all limb joints
Saddle:
a type of biaxial and movable joint that allows movements on two planes–flexion
Example: carpametacarpal joint in the thumbs
Condylar
a modified ball and socket joint that allows for flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction movements.
Examples: wrist joints
Ball-and-socket:
a joint in which the rounded surface of a bone moves within a depression on another bone
Example:Shoulder and hip joints
Pivot:
a synovial joint in which the ends of two bones connect
Example: Proximal radioulnar joints
Tendon sheaths:
elongated bursae wrapped completely around tendons subjected to
friction
Hinge:
a type of synovial joint that exists in the body and serves to allow motion primarily in one plane
Example: Elbow joints
Bursae:
reduce friction where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together
Plane:
structure in the body formed between two bones in which enables the bones to slide over each other
Example:Intercarpal joints
Fibrous:
Bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue, no joint cavity and most are immovable
Syndesmoses:
Bones connected by ligaments, bands of fibrous tissue, and fiber length varies so movement varies
Short fibers
offer little to no movement
Example: inferior tibiofibular joint
Longer fibers
offer a larger amount of movement
Example: interosseous membrane connecting
radius and ulna
Gomphoses:
Peg-in-socket joints and the fibrous connection are the periodontal ligaments
Example: teeth in alveolar sockets
Sutures:
Rigid, interlocking joints of skull, growth during youth and in middle age, sutures ossify and fuse
Functional:
three types based on movement joint allows
Synarthroses:
immovable joints
Amphiarthroses:
slightly movable joints
Diarthroses:
freely movable joints
Bone remodeling:
Consists of both bone deposit and bone resorption
Occurs at surfaces of both periosteum and endosteum
packets of adjacent osteoblasts and osteoclasts coordinate
remodeling process
Begins during bony callus formation( continues for several months )
Excess material on diaphysis exterior and within medullary cavity is removed
Compact bone is laid down to reconstruct shaft walls
Final structure resembles original structure( Responds to same mechanical stressors)
Anatomy of the long bone
:All long bones have a shaft (diaphysis), bone ends (epiphyses), and membranes
Diaphysis:
tubular shaft that forms the long axis of the bone. It also consists of compact bone surrounding the central medullary cavity which is filled with yellow marrow in adults
Compact bone:
Dense outer layer on every bone that appears smooth and solid
Epiphyses:
ends of long bones that consist of compact bone externally and spongy bone internally.Also the articular cartilage covers articular (joint) surfaces
Epiphyseal line:
Between diaphysis and epiphysis and remnant of childhood epiphyseal plate is where bone growth occurs
Spongy bone:
Made up of a honeycomb of small, needle-like or flat pieces of bone called trabeculae. Also open spaces between trabeculae are filled with red or yellow bone marrow
Periosteum:
white, double-layered membrane that covers external surfaces except joints
Endosteum:
Delicate connective tissue membrane covering the internal bone surface and like periosteum, it contains osteogenic cells that can differentiate into other bone cells
Red marrow:
It is found within trabecular cavities of spongy bone and diploë of flat bones, such as the sternum. In newborns, medullary cavities and all spongy bones contain red marrow. Also, yellow marrow can convert to red if person becomes anemic
Disorders/diseases:
Imbalances between bone deposit and bone resorption
Rickets:
Results in bowed legs and other bone deformities because bones ends are enlarged and abnormally long( due to vitamin D deficiency or insufficient dietary calcium)
Osteoporosis:
a group of diseases in which bone resorption exceeds deposit and matrix remains normal, but bone mass declines
Osteomalacia:
Bones are poorly mineralized, Pain upon bearing weight and results in soft, weak bones
Paget’s disease:
Excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption cause bone to grow fast and develop poorly
usually occurs in spine, pelvis, femur, and skull
rarely occurs before age 40
Bone fracture repair
Fibrocartilaginous callus formation:
Fibroblasts, cartilage, and osteogenic cells begin reconstruction of bone. Also fibroblasts secrete collagen fibers to span break and connect broken
ends
Bony callus formation:
Within one week, new trabeculae appear in fibrocartilaginous callus. Also callus is converted to bony (hard) callus of spongy bone and bony callus formation continues for about 2 months until firm union forms
Hematoma formation:
Torn blood vessels hemorrhage, forming mass of clotted blood called
a hematoma. Also site is swollen, painful, and inflamed
Differences between male and female skeleton
Female skeleton:
In a woman's pelvis it is much wider in the pelvic angle and a large circular shape inlet and outlet. Also when looking at the coccyx bone, a women’s is more straighter.
Male skeleton:
On the other hand, the male has a narrow triangle pelvic angle with a heart-shaped inlet and outlet as it is more narrow. Also when looking at the coccyx bone, a male is more curved
Movements allowed by Synovial Joints:
All muscles attach to bone or connective tissue at no fewer than two points
Angular movement
Abduction:
Moving the limb away from the body midline in the frontal plane
Extension:
Increasing the angle between two bones, usually in the sagittal plane
Adduction:
Moving the limb toward towards the body midline in the frontal plane
Flexion:
Decreasing the angle between two bones, usually in sagittal plane
Circumduction:
Moving the limb or finger so that it describes a cone in shape
Hyperextension:
movement beyond the anatomical position
Rotation
:
Turning a bone around it's longitudinal axis
Medial rotation:
Rotation towards the medial plane
Lateral rotation:
Rotation towards the medial plane
Movement
Gliding:
Sliding the flat surfaces of two bones across each other
Special movement
Protraction and retraction:
movement in the lateral plane
Protraction:
mandible juts out
Retraction:
mandible is pulled toward the neck
Elevation and depression:
of the mandible
Elevation:
lifting body part superiorly
– Example: shrugging shoulders
Depression:
lowering body part
– Example: opening jaw
Inversion and eversion:
of foot
Inversion:
sole of the foot faces medially
Eversion:
sole of the foot faces laterally
Opposition:
movement of the thumb
Example: touching thumb to tips of other fingers on the same hand or any grasping movement
Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion:
of foot
Dorsiflexion:
bending foot toward shin
Plantar flexion:
pointing toes
Supination and pronation:
rotation of radius and ulna
Supination:
palms face anteriorly
– Example: Radius and ulna are parallel
Pronation:
palms face posteriorly
– Example:Radius rotates over ulna
Microscopic anatomy of bone tissue:
Cells of bone tissue
Osteoblasts:
Bone-forming cells that secrete unmineralized bone matrix called osteoid. They are also actively mitotic and osteoid is made up of collagen and calcium-binding proteins
Osteocytes:
Mature bone cells in lacunae that no longer divide, maintain bone matrix and act as stress or strain sensors. Also, respond to mechanical stimuli and communicate information to osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Osteogenic cells:
Referred to osteoprogenitor cells as well and they are mitotically active stem cells in the periosteum and endosteum. Also when stimulated, they differentiate into osteoblasts or bone-lining cells
Bone-lining cells:
Flat cells on bone surfaces believed to also help maintain matrix (along with osteocytes)
Osteoclasts:
Derived from the same hematopoietic stem cells that become macrophages. Also, they are giant, multinucleate cells that function in bone resorption. Cells are located in depressions called resorption bays when active
Names of all the bones
Appendicular Skeleton
Upper Limb
carpal 16
metacarpal 10
radius 2
phalanges 28
ulna 2
humerus 2
Lower Limb
tibia 2
tarsal 14
fibula 2
metatarsal 10
femur 2
phalanges 28
patella 2
Pectoral girdle
Scapula 2
Clavicle 2
Pelvic girdle
hip bone 2( coxal, ilium, ischium, pubis, pubic and symphysis)
Axial Skeleton
Thoracic Cage
sternum 1
ribs 24 ( 1-7 true ribs, 3 pairs of false ribs and 2 pairs are floating ribs)
Vertebral
sacrum 1
Coccyx 1
lumbar 5
thoracic 12
cervical 7( atlas C1 and axis C2)
hynoid bone 1
Skull
maxilla 2
mandible 1
temporal 2
zygomatic 2
Parietal 2
nasal 2
frontal 1
sphenoid 1
occipital 1
ethmoid 1
platine 2
vomer 1
Types of bones
Short bones:
Cube-shaped bones (in wrist and ankle) and Sesamoid bones form within tendons (example: patella). Also vary in size and number in different individuals
Flat bones:
Thin, flat, slightly curved(Sternum, scapulae, ribs, most skull bones )
Long bones:
Longer than they are wide(Limb bones)
Irregular bones:
Complicated shapes(Vertebrae and hip bones )